NR507 week 8 final Exam – Advanced
Pathophysiology 2025/2026 | Chamberlain |
Verified Questions & Verified Answers with
Detailed Rationales |
Question 1
What is acute renal failure?
Correct Answer: Acute renal failure is reversible. Determining prognosis includes
assessing whether the kidneys respond to a diuretic with good output; this
indicates that the kidneys are functioning well.
Rationale: Acute renal failure is a reversible condition in which the kidneys
suddenly lose their ability to filter waste from the blood. Determining prognosis
involves assessing whether the kidneys respond to a diuretic with good output. If
the kidneys respond well to diuretics, it indicates that they are still functioning and
the prognosis is favorable. This is important for guiding treatment decisions and
predicting recovery.
Question 2
How is acute pyelonephritis diagnosed?
Correct Answer: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult because it
can be similar to cystitis. Diagnosis is established by urine culture, urinalysis (WBC
casts indicate pyelonephritis, but may not always be present), signs and
symptoms, and complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary
tract imaging.
Rationale: Acute pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney that can be difficult to
diagnose based on clinical symptoms alone because it can present similarly to
cystitis. Diagnosis is established through urine culture, urinalysis (where WBC
,casts indicate pyelonephritis, though they may not always be present), and signs
and symptoms. Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary
tract imaging to assess the extent of infection and identify any underlying
abnormalities.
Question 3
What are the goals of treatment for renal calculi (renal stones)?
Correct Answer: Manage acute pain, promote passage of stone, reduce size of
stone, and prevent new stone formation.
Rationale: The goals of treatment for renal calculi are to manage acute pain,
promote the passage of the stone, reduce the size of the stone, and prevent new
stone formation. These goals guide the management approach, which may
include pain control, hydration, medications to facilitate stone passage, and
dietary or lifestyle modifications to prevent recurrence.
Question 4
What is chronic renal failure?
Correct Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus
(most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney
disease. CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria.
Rationale: Chronic renal failure, also known as Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic diseases such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (the most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus, or intrinsic kidney disease. CKD stage is determined by estimates
of GFR and albuminuria. Understanding the underlying causes and staging is
essential for managing the condition and preventing progression.
Question 5
Who is a candidate for dialysis?
, Correct Answer: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the
number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this
point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive. CKD is classified
into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms. Patients
will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present: metabolic acidosis,
hyperkalemia (in the presence of EKG changes such as peaked T-waves), drug
toxicity (due to salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol),
fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics, and uremic symptoms
due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Rationale: Candidates for dialysis are patients with end-stage renal disease
(ESRD), the final stage of CKD. The number one cause of ESRD is diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent
on dialysis to survive. CKD is classified into five stages based on the patient's GFR
rather than symptoms. Dialysis is indicated when specific symptoms are present,
including metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia with EKG changes, drug toxicity from
certain drugs, fluid volume overload unresponsive to diuretics, and uremic
symptoms. Understanding these indications is essential for timely initiation of
dialysis.
Question 6
What is Stage I CKD?
Correct Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR (90-120).
Rationale: Stage I CKD is characterized by kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR (90-120 mL/min). At this stage, the kidneys are still functioning well, but there
is evidence of kidney damage. Early identification and management can slow
progression.
Question 7
What is Stage II CKD?
Correct Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR (60-89).
Pathophysiology 2025/2026 | Chamberlain |
Verified Questions & Verified Answers with
Detailed Rationales |
Question 1
What is acute renal failure?
Correct Answer: Acute renal failure is reversible. Determining prognosis includes
assessing whether the kidneys respond to a diuretic with good output; this
indicates that the kidneys are functioning well.
Rationale: Acute renal failure is a reversible condition in which the kidneys
suddenly lose their ability to filter waste from the blood. Determining prognosis
involves assessing whether the kidneys respond to a diuretic with good output. If
the kidneys respond well to diuretics, it indicates that they are still functioning and
the prognosis is favorable. This is important for guiding treatment decisions and
predicting recovery.
Question 2
How is acute pyelonephritis diagnosed?
Correct Answer: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult because it
can be similar to cystitis. Diagnosis is established by urine culture, urinalysis (WBC
casts indicate pyelonephritis, but may not always be present), signs and
symptoms, and complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary
tract imaging.
Rationale: Acute pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney that can be difficult to
diagnose based on clinical symptoms alone because it can present similarly to
cystitis. Diagnosis is established through urine culture, urinalysis (where WBC
,casts indicate pyelonephritis, though they may not always be present), and signs
and symptoms. Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary
tract imaging to assess the extent of infection and identify any underlying
abnormalities.
Question 3
What are the goals of treatment for renal calculi (renal stones)?
Correct Answer: Manage acute pain, promote passage of stone, reduce size of
stone, and prevent new stone formation.
Rationale: The goals of treatment for renal calculi are to manage acute pain,
promote the passage of the stone, reduce the size of the stone, and prevent new
stone formation. These goals guide the management approach, which may
include pain control, hydration, medications to facilitate stone passage, and
dietary or lifestyle modifications to prevent recurrence.
Question 4
What is chronic renal failure?
Correct Answer: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus
(most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic kidney
disease. CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria.
Rationale: Chronic renal failure, also known as Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic diseases such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (the most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus, or intrinsic kidney disease. CKD stage is determined by estimates
of GFR and albuminuria. Understanding the underlying causes and staging is
essential for managing the condition and preventing progression.
Question 5
Who is a candidate for dialysis?
, Correct Answer: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the
number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this
point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive. CKD is classified
into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms. Patients
will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present: metabolic acidosis,
hyperkalemia (in the presence of EKG changes such as peaked T-waves), drug
toxicity (due to salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol),
fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics, and uremic symptoms
due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Rationale: Candidates for dialysis are patients with end-stage renal disease
(ESRD), the final stage of CKD. The number one cause of ESRD is diabetes mellitus
combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent
on dialysis to survive. CKD is classified into five stages based on the patient's GFR
rather than symptoms. Dialysis is indicated when specific symptoms are present,
including metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia with EKG changes, drug toxicity from
certain drugs, fluid volume overload unresponsive to diuretics, and uremic
symptoms. Understanding these indications is essential for timely initiation of
dialysis.
Question 6
What is Stage I CKD?
Correct Answer: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR (90-120).
Rationale: Stage I CKD is characterized by kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR (90-120 mL/min). At this stage, the kidneys are still functioning well, but there
is evidence of kidney damage. Early identification and management can slow
progression.
Question 7
What is Stage II CKD?
Correct Answer: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR (60-89).
