NR507 week 8 final Exam full 100 multi choices –
Advanced Pathophysiology 2025/2026 |
Chamberlain | Verified Questions & Verified
Answers with Detailed Rationales | Examplify
Question 1
What phrase describes the condition in which a series of alveoli in the left lower lobe receive
adequate ventilation but lack adequate perfusion?
A. A right to left shunt
B. Alveolar dead space
C. A low ventilation-perfusion ratio
D. Pulmonary hypotension
Correct Answer: B. Alveolar dead space
Rationale: Alveolar dead space describes the condition in which alveoli receive adequate
ventilation but lack adequate perfusion. This means air is reaching the alveoli, but blood flow to
those alveoli is insufficient for gas exchange to occur. This can happen due to a pulmonary
embolism or other conditions that reduce blood flow to portions of the lung. A right-to-left
shunt is the opposite, where perfusion occurs but ventilation is absent. A low ventilation-
,perfusion ratio occurs when ventilation is reduced relative to perfusion, not when perfusion is
absent.
Question 2
A function of the pericardium is to:
A. Provide a barrier against extracardial infections
B. Improve blood flow through the heart
C. Play a role in cardiac conduction
D. Assist in cardiac contraction
Correct Answer: A. Provide a barrier against extracardial infections
Rationale: The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds the heart. One of its primary
functions is to provide a physical barrier against infection from surrounding structures. It also
anchors the heart in the mediastinum, prevents overfilling of the heart, and reduces friction
between the heart and surrounding tissues. It does not play a role in cardiac conduction,
improve blood flow, or assist in cardiac contraction directly.
Question 3
Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to poor absorption of:
A. Fats & fat-soluble vitamins
B. Water-soluble vitamins
C. Proteins
D. Minerals
Correct Answer: A. Fats & fat-soluble vitamins
Rationale: Bile salts are essential for the emulsification and absorption of fats and fat-soluble
vitamins (A, D, E, and K) in the small intestine. When bile salt production or secretion is
deficient, as in cholestasis or bile duct obstruction, fats and fat-soluble vitamins are poorly
absorbed. This leads to steatorrhea (fatty stools) and deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins, which
can cause symptoms such as night blindness (vitamin A), rickets or osteomalacia (vitamin D),
hemolytic anemia (vitamin E), and bleeding disorders (vitamin K).
Question 4
The FNP is teaching the community about health promotion. Which information should the
FNP include for innate immunity?
A. Following an illness
B. At birth
,C. Via injection of specific antibodies
D. In adulthood
Correct Answer: B. At birth
Rationale: Innate immunity is present at birth and is the first line of defense against pathogens.
It includes physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (stomach acid,
enzymes), and cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells). It is not acquired through
illness, injection of specific antibodies, or developed only in adulthood. Innate immunity is non-
specific and does not require prior exposure to a pathogen.
Question 5
A 10-year-old develops pneumonia. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal
retractions. The child reports that breathing is difficult with feelings that, "I can't get enough
air." What term should the FNP use to document this condition?
A. Cyanosis
B. Dyspnea
C. Hyperpnea
D. Orthopnea
Correct Answer: B. Dyspnea
Rationale: Dyspnea is the subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing, often
described as "shortness of breath" or "not being able to get enough air." The child's report of
difficulty breathing and the feeling of not getting enough air is consistent with dyspnea.
Subcostal and intercostal retractions are signs of increased work of breathing. Cyanosis refers to
a bluish discoloration of the skin due to poor oxygenation. Hyperpnea refers to increased depth
and rate of breathing. Orthopnea refers to difficulty breathing when lying flat.
Question 6
When the FNP is reviewing lab results and notices that the erythrocytes contain an
abnormally low concentration of hemoglobin, the nurse calls these erythrocytes:
A. Hyperchromic
B. Hypochromic
C. Macrocytic
D. Microcytic
Correct Answer: B. Hypochromic
, Rationale: Hypochromic erythrocytes contain an abnormally low concentration of hemoglobin.
This is reflected in a low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Hypochromia is
commonly seen in iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and sideroblastic anemia. Hyperchromic
refers to erythrocytes with a higher-than-normal hemoglobin concentration. Macrocytic refers
to large erythrocytes. Microcytic refers to small erythrocytes.
Question 7
A 45-year-old male complains of heartburn after eating and difficulty swallowing. These
symptoms support which diagnosis?
A. Pyloric stenosis
B. Gastric cancer
C. Achalasia
D. Hiatal hernia
Correct Answer: D. Hiatal hernia
Rationale: Hiatal hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the
diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. This can cause heartburn (due to reflux of gastric contents)
and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) due to compression or displacement of the esophagus.
Pyloric stenosis causes projectile vomiting in infants. Gastric cancer may cause dysphagia and
heartburn but is less common. Achalasia causes dysphagia but is characterized by failure of the
lower esophageal sphincter to relax, not heartburn after eating.
Question 8
A 25-year-old female has heavy menses during which she loses a profuse amount of blood.
Which of the following adaptations should the nurse expect?
A. Movement of fluid into the cell
B. Decreased cardiac output
C. Decreased oxygen release from hemoglobin
D. Peripheral vasoconstriction
Correct Answer: D. Peripheral vasoconstriction
Rationale: With acute blood loss, the body compensates by activating the sympathetic nervous
system, which causes peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure and divert blood
to vital organs. This is an immediate compensatory mechanism. Movement of fluid into the cell
is not a compensatory response to blood loss. Decreased cardiac output may occur initially but
is not the expected adaptation. Decreased oxygen release from hemoglobin is not correct; in
fact, compensatory mechanisms increase oxygen release to tissues.
Advanced Pathophysiology 2025/2026 |
Chamberlain | Verified Questions & Verified
Answers with Detailed Rationales | Examplify
Question 1
What phrase describes the condition in which a series of alveoli in the left lower lobe receive
adequate ventilation but lack adequate perfusion?
A. A right to left shunt
B. Alveolar dead space
C. A low ventilation-perfusion ratio
D. Pulmonary hypotension
Correct Answer: B. Alveolar dead space
Rationale: Alveolar dead space describes the condition in which alveoli receive adequate
ventilation but lack adequate perfusion. This means air is reaching the alveoli, but blood flow to
those alveoli is insufficient for gas exchange to occur. This can happen due to a pulmonary
embolism or other conditions that reduce blood flow to portions of the lung. A right-to-left
shunt is the opposite, where perfusion occurs but ventilation is absent. A low ventilation-
,perfusion ratio occurs when ventilation is reduced relative to perfusion, not when perfusion is
absent.
Question 2
A function of the pericardium is to:
A. Provide a barrier against extracardial infections
B. Improve blood flow through the heart
C. Play a role in cardiac conduction
D. Assist in cardiac contraction
Correct Answer: A. Provide a barrier against extracardial infections
Rationale: The pericardium is a double-layered sac that surrounds the heart. One of its primary
functions is to provide a physical barrier against infection from surrounding structures. It also
anchors the heart in the mediastinum, prevents overfilling of the heart, and reduces friction
between the heart and surrounding tissues. It does not play a role in cardiac conduction,
improve blood flow, or assist in cardiac contraction directly.
Question 3
Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to poor absorption of:
A. Fats & fat-soluble vitamins
B. Water-soluble vitamins
C. Proteins
D. Minerals
Correct Answer: A. Fats & fat-soluble vitamins
Rationale: Bile salts are essential for the emulsification and absorption of fats and fat-soluble
vitamins (A, D, E, and K) in the small intestine. When bile salt production or secretion is
deficient, as in cholestasis or bile duct obstruction, fats and fat-soluble vitamins are poorly
absorbed. This leads to steatorrhea (fatty stools) and deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins, which
can cause symptoms such as night blindness (vitamin A), rickets or osteomalacia (vitamin D),
hemolytic anemia (vitamin E), and bleeding disorders (vitamin K).
Question 4
The FNP is teaching the community about health promotion. Which information should the
FNP include for innate immunity?
A. Following an illness
B. At birth
,C. Via injection of specific antibodies
D. In adulthood
Correct Answer: B. At birth
Rationale: Innate immunity is present at birth and is the first line of defense against pathogens.
It includes physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (stomach acid,
enzymes), and cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells). It is not acquired through
illness, injection of specific antibodies, or developed only in adulthood. Innate immunity is non-
specific and does not require prior exposure to a pathogen.
Question 5
A 10-year-old develops pneumonia. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal
retractions. The child reports that breathing is difficult with feelings that, "I can't get enough
air." What term should the FNP use to document this condition?
A. Cyanosis
B. Dyspnea
C. Hyperpnea
D. Orthopnea
Correct Answer: B. Dyspnea
Rationale: Dyspnea is the subjective sensation of difficult or uncomfortable breathing, often
described as "shortness of breath" or "not being able to get enough air." The child's report of
difficulty breathing and the feeling of not getting enough air is consistent with dyspnea.
Subcostal and intercostal retractions are signs of increased work of breathing. Cyanosis refers to
a bluish discoloration of the skin due to poor oxygenation. Hyperpnea refers to increased depth
and rate of breathing. Orthopnea refers to difficulty breathing when lying flat.
Question 6
When the FNP is reviewing lab results and notices that the erythrocytes contain an
abnormally low concentration of hemoglobin, the nurse calls these erythrocytes:
A. Hyperchromic
B. Hypochromic
C. Macrocytic
D. Microcytic
Correct Answer: B. Hypochromic
, Rationale: Hypochromic erythrocytes contain an abnormally low concentration of hemoglobin.
This is reflected in a low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Hypochromia is
commonly seen in iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and sideroblastic anemia. Hyperchromic
refers to erythrocytes with a higher-than-normal hemoglobin concentration. Macrocytic refers
to large erythrocytes. Microcytic refers to small erythrocytes.
Question 7
A 45-year-old male complains of heartburn after eating and difficulty swallowing. These
symptoms support which diagnosis?
A. Pyloric stenosis
B. Gastric cancer
C. Achalasia
D. Hiatal hernia
Correct Answer: D. Hiatal hernia
Rationale: Hiatal hernia occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the
diaphragm into the thoracic cavity. This can cause heartburn (due to reflux of gastric contents)
and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) due to compression or displacement of the esophagus.
Pyloric stenosis causes projectile vomiting in infants. Gastric cancer may cause dysphagia and
heartburn but is less common. Achalasia causes dysphagia but is characterized by failure of the
lower esophageal sphincter to relax, not heartburn after eating.
Question 8
A 25-year-old female has heavy menses during which she loses a profuse amount of blood.
Which of the following adaptations should the nurse expect?
A. Movement of fluid into the cell
B. Decreased cardiac output
C. Decreased oxygen release from hemoglobin
D. Peripheral vasoconstriction
Correct Answer: D. Peripheral vasoconstriction
Rationale: With acute blood loss, the body compensates by activating the sympathetic nervous
system, which causes peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure and divert blood
to vital organs. This is an immediate compensatory mechanism. Movement of fluid into the cell
is not a compensatory response to blood loss. Decreased cardiac output may occur initially but
is not the expected adaptation. Decreased oxygen release from hemoglobin is not correct; in
fact, compensatory mechanisms increase oxygen release to tissues.
