NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm 2026
Asthma - correct answer ✅Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - correct answer ✅coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - correct answer ✅-airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - correct answer ✅smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - correct answer ✅innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - correct answer ✅the middle layer of the bronchioles
,NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm 2026
structure of the lamina propria - correct answer ✅embedded with connective
tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - correct answer ✅white blood cells are present to
help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - correct
answer ✅the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer
✅columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer
✅smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - correct answer ✅control
the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - correct answer ✅When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus
plug thus trapping air inside
, NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm 2026
how does hyperinflation occur? - correct answer ✅the ongoing inflammatory
process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse
around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - correct answer ✅-expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - correct answer
✅tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - correct answer ✅These drugs block
the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - correct answer ✅the parasympathetic
system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction =
decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis - correct answer ✅inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - correct answer ✅bronchial inflammation
Midterm 2026
Asthma - correct answer ✅Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - correct answer ✅coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - correct answer ✅-airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - correct answer ✅smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - correct answer ✅innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - correct answer ✅the middle layer of the bronchioles
,NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm 2026
structure of the lamina propria - correct answer ✅embedded with connective
tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - correct answer ✅white blood cells are present to
help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - correct
answer ✅the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer
✅columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer
✅smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - correct answer ✅control
the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - correct answer ✅When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus
plug thus trapping air inside
, NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm 2026
how does hyperinflation occur? - correct answer ✅the ongoing inflammatory
process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse
around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - correct answer ✅-expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - correct answer
✅tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - correct answer ✅These drugs block
the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - correct answer ✅the parasympathetic
system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction =
decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis - correct answer ✅inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - correct answer ✅bronchial inflammation
