NRSE 7210 Midterm (Modules 1-3) – Questions
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Terms in this set (175)
Ghrelin Ghrelin stimulates gastric secretion, controls
appetite, and plays a role in obesity and the
regulation of insulin sensitivity.
· Natural GLP-1 plays a role in appetite and glucose
regulation
What is the function of leptin and Leptin regulates long-term body weight by
what causes leptin resistance? signaling fat stores. Resistance occurs when leptin
signaling fails, leading to increased hunger despite
adequate fat.
Give examples of hypersensitivity Serum sickness, Raynaud, Arthus reaction, graft
reactions. rejection, TB skin test, contact dermatitis,
autoimmune diseases.
Differentiate between eukaryotic and Eukaryotes: have nucleus, complex organelles
prokaryotic cells. (animals, plants, fungi).Prokaryotes: lack nucleus
(bacteria, cyanobacteria, Rickettsiae).
,Define atrophy. Decrease in cell size, e.g., skeletal or cardiac muscle
from disuse.
Define hypertrophy Increase in cell size—common in cardiac/skeletal
muscle from increased workload.
Define hyperplasia Increased number of cells, as in uterine or breast
tissue during pregnancy, or BPH.
Define dysplasia. Disordered cell growth with variable size/shape—
common in cervix or respiratory tract.
Define metaplasia Reversible replacement of one mature cell type with
another—e.g., squamous replaces columnar cells in
smokers' airways.
What are free radicals and how are Electrically uncharged atoms with an unpaired
they formed? electron, formed by UV/x-ray absorption,
metabolism, or toxins.
Define ischemic-hypoxic injury and Ischemic-hypoxic: lack of blood/O₂ (e.g.,
ischemia-reperfusion injury MI).Reperfusion: restored flow causes oxidative +
inflammatory damage.
List four damaging effects of free Lipid peroxidation
radicals. Protein alteration
DNA damage
Mitochondrial dysfunction.
Symptoms and treatment of lead Cognitive deficits, gum lines, bone issues. Tx:
poisoning? remove exposure, chelation, correct mineral
deficiencies.
What is the mechanism and treatment Penetrates the lungs, decrease in O2 delivery to
of carbon monoxide poisoning? organs by: CO binding Hgb causing → tissue
hypoxia.
Tx: remove source + hyperbaric O₂.
, Define necrosis vs apoptosis. Necrosis = unregulated cell death, swelling, lysis.
Apoptosis = programmed cell death, shrinkage, no
inflammation.
Describe how cellular injury can lead A host of biochemical events result in cell injury and
to the death of the cell. death. Such events include adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) depletion, damage from oxygen-derived free
radicals, and alterations in calcium levels.
The most common cell injury is Ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion
injury, oxidative injury, and chemical injury
Stages of Somatic death ● First stage is Pallor Mortis: The surface of the skin
is pale and yellowish.
● The second stage is Algo Mortis, where body
temperature starts to drop.
● The third stage is Livor Mortis, which appears half
an hour to 1 hour after death and becomes fixed
within 6-8 hours after death. Muscle tension
decreases, pupils dilate, and gravity causes blood to
settle in dependent areas or the lowest tissues,
causing purple discoloration.
● Fourth stage is Rigor Mortis, where muscle
stiffening or rigidity begins within a few hours after
death.
What are the main mechanisms of Cellular, immune, and extracellular (collagen cross-
aging? linking) changes.
What illness does Rickettsiae cause? Tick-borne illnesses (e.g., Rocky Mountain spotted
fever)
Define active, passive, and mediated Active—energy required (uphill)
transport. Passive—no energy, down gradient
Mediated—selective via transport proteins.
With Right Solutions
Add to calendar
Play your way to mastery with fun games
Match Blocks Charms NEW
Terms in this set (175)
Ghrelin Ghrelin stimulates gastric secretion, controls
appetite, and plays a role in obesity and the
regulation of insulin sensitivity.
· Natural GLP-1 plays a role in appetite and glucose
regulation
What is the function of leptin and Leptin regulates long-term body weight by
what causes leptin resistance? signaling fat stores. Resistance occurs when leptin
signaling fails, leading to increased hunger despite
adequate fat.
Give examples of hypersensitivity Serum sickness, Raynaud, Arthus reaction, graft
reactions. rejection, TB skin test, contact dermatitis,
autoimmune diseases.
Differentiate between eukaryotic and Eukaryotes: have nucleus, complex organelles
prokaryotic cells. (animals, plants, fungi).Prokaryotes: lack nucleus
(bacteria, cyanobacteria, Rickettsiae).
,Define atrophy. Decrease in cell size, e.g., skeletal or cardiac muscle
from disuse.
Define hypertrophy Increase in cell size—common in cardiac/skeletal
muscle from increased workload.
Define hyperplasia Increased number of cells, as in uterine or breast
tissue during pregnancy, or BPH.
Define dysplasia. Disordered cell growth with variable size/shape—
common in cervix or respiratory tract.
Define metaplasia Reversible replacement of one mature cell type with
another—e.g., squamous replaces columnar cells in
smokers' airways.
What are free radicals and how are Electrically uncharged atoms with an unpaired
they formed? electron, formed by UV/x-ray absorption,
metabolism, or toxins.
Define ischemic-hypoxic injury and Ischemic-hypoxic: lack of blood/O₂ (e.g.,
ischemia-reperfusion injury MI).Reperfusion: restored flow causes oxidative +
inflammatory damage.
List four damaging effects of free Lipid peroxidation
radicals. Protein alteration
DNA damage
Mitochondrial dysfunction.
Symptoms and treatment of lead Cognitive deficits, gum lines, bone issues. Tx:
poisoning? remove exposure, chelation, correct mineral
deficiencies.
What is the mechanism and treatment Penetrates the lungs, decrease in O2 delivery to
of carbon monoxide poisoning? organs by: CO binding Hgb causing → tissue
hypoxia.
Tx: remove source + hyperbaric O₂.
, Define necrosis vs apoptosis. Necrosis = unregulated cell death, swelling, lysis.
Apoptosis = programmed cell death, shrinkage, no
inflammation.
Describe how cellular injury can lead A host of biochemical events result in cell injury and
to the death of the cell. death. Such events include adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) depletion, damage from oxygen-derived free
radicals, and alterations in calcium levels.
The most common cell injury is Ischemic and hypoxic injury, ischemia-reperfusion
injury, oxidative injury, and chemical injury
Stages of Somatic death ● First stage is Pallor Mortis: The surface of the skin
is pale and yellowish.
● The second stage is Algo Mortis, where body
temperature starts to drop.
● The third stage is Livor Mortis, which appears half
an hour to 1 hour after death and becomes fixed
within 6-8 hours after death. Muscle tension
decreases, pupils dilate, and gravity causes blood to
settle in dependent areas or the lowest tissues,
causing purple discoloration.
● Fourth stage is Rigor Mortis, where muscle
stiffening or rigidity begins within a few hours after
death.
What are the main mechanisms of Cellular, immune, and extracellular (collagen cross-
aging? linking) changes.
What illness does Rickettsiae cause? Tick-borne illnesses (e.g., Rocky Mountain spotted
fever)
Define active, passive, and mediated Active—energy required (uphill)
transport. Passive—no energy, down gradient
Mediated—selective via transport proteins.
