Fundamentals of Nursing Craven 9th Edition Test Bank Actual Exam 2026/2027 –
Complete 120 Questions with Detailed Rationales | 100% Verified | Pass Guaranteed –
A+ Graded
SECTION A: Nursing Profession, Theory & Evidence-Based Practice
(Q1–Q10)
Q1: A nursing student is studying the historical foundations of professional nursing.
Which contribution is most associated with Florence Nightingale?
A. Developing the 14 fundamental needs that define nursing practice
B. Describing the adaptation of patients to environmental stimuli
C. Identifying environmental factors such as sanitation, ventilation, light, and nutrition as
major influences on health and healing [CORRECT]
D. Defining self-care as the central goal of nursing interventions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nightingale's environmental theory linked sanitation, clean air, water, light,
and nutrition to healing outcomes. The 14 fundamental needs reflect Henderson,
adaptation reflects Roy, and self-care reflects Orem.
Q2: Which nursing theorist defined nursing as assisting the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of activities contributing to health, recovery, or a peaceful death that the
individual would perform unaided if possessing the necessary strength, will, or
knowledge?
A. Martha Rogers
B. Virginia Henderson [CORRECT]
C. Dorothea Orem
D. Sister Callista Roy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Henderson's classic definition and her 14 basic needs emphasize assisting
patients toward independence. Orem focused on self-care deficits, Roy on adaptation
modes, and Rogers on the science of unitary human beings.
Q3: A patient recovering from a stroke is able to wash the face and upper body
independently but requires nursing assistance to bathe the lower body. Applying Orem's
Self-Care Deficit Theory, which system of nursing care does this patient require?
A. Wholly compensatory system
,B. Supportive-educative system
C. Universal self-care requisites
D. Partially compensatory system [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A partially compensatory system is used when the patient can perform some
self-care but needs nursing assistance for part of it. Wholly compensatory is used when
the nurse performs all care, and supportive-educative when the patient needs only
teaching and support.
Q4: A nurse is applying Roy's Adaptation Model while caring for a postoperative patient.
Which four modes will the nurse assess to determine the patient's adaptive responses?
A. Physiologic, self-concept, role function, and interdependence [CORRECT]
B. Psychological, cognitive, sociocultural, and spiritual
C. Person, environment, health, and nursing
D. Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal stressors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Roy's model uses four adaptive modes—physiologic, self-concept, role
function, and interdependence—to assess adaptation. Option C describes nursing's
metaparadigm, and option D reflects Neuman's lines of defense and stressors.
Q5: A nurse sits at eye level with a grieving patient, holds the patient's hand, and quietly
offers presence without interruption. The nursing student recognizes that this caring
behavior reflects the work of which theorist?
A. Hildegard Peplau
B. Jean Watson [CORRECT]
C. Patricia Benner
D. Madeleine Leininger
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Watson's Theory of Human Caring centers on transpersonal caring
relationships, presence, and Caritas processes that promote healing. Peplau focused on
interpersonal relationships, Benner on skill acquisition, and Leininger on cultural care.
Q6: A nurse who has worked in the ICU for 5 years grasps clinical situations as wholes,
anticipates changes in patients' conditions, and adapts plans rapidly without relying on
rules. According to Benner's novice-to-expert model, which stage best describes this
nurse?
A. Advanced beginner
B. Competent
C. Proficient [CORRECT]
D. Expert
,Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The proficient nurse (typically 3–5 years of experience) perceives situations
holistically and anticipates expected changes. The expert nurse practices intuitively and
fluidly, while competent and advanced-beginner nurses rely more on rules and prior
experiences.
Q7: A nurse formulates the question, "In hospitalized older adults (P), does repositioning
every 2 hours (I) compared with every 4 hours (C) reduce the incidence of pressure
injuries (O)?" Which PICO component does "reduce the incidence of pressure injuries"
represent?
A. Population
B. Intervention
C. Comparison
D. Outcome [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The "O" in PICO is the desired measurable outcome or change the
intervention is expected to produce. The population is the older adults, the intervention
is 2-hour repositioning, and the comparison is 4-hour repositioning.
Q8: A nurse is searching the literature to answer a clinical question about preventing
catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Which evidence source provides the
strongest level of evidence for practice decisions?
A. A systematic review or meta-analysis of multiple randomized controlled trials
[CORRECT]
B. An expert opinion article published in a specialty journal
C. A case study describing one hospital's experience
D. A single quasi-experimental quality improvement project
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In the hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs
provide the strongest evidence by synthesizing multiple studies, while expert opinion,
case studies, and single-site projects sit lower on the pyramid.
Q9: According to the American Nurses Association's Social Policy Statement, which
statement best defines nursing?
A. Nursing focuses primarily on curing disease through prescribed medical regimens
B. Nursing is a technical occupation that assists physicians in carrying out treatments
C. Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities;
prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through diagnosis and treatment
of human response; and advocacy [CORRECT]
, D. Nursing practice is limited to tasks delegated by licensed providers within acute care
settings
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The ANA definition emphasizes human responses, health promotion,
suffering alleviation, and advocacy—distinguishing nursing from a disease-focused or
physician-assistant role. Options A, B, and D misrepresent nursing's independent
professional scope.
Q10: A new graduate nurse asks what legally defines the scope of professional nursing
practice. What is the most accurate response?
A. The healthcare institution's policy and procedure manual
B. The state nurse practice act [CORRECT]
C. The ANA Standards of Professional Practice
D. The NCLEX test plan
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The state nurse practice act is the legal statute defining permissible nursing
practice, and it takes precedence over institutional policies. ANA standards guide
professional performance but do not carry legal regulatory authority.
SECTION B: Health, Wellness, Culture & Patient-Centered Care
(Q11–Q20)
Q11: During a staff development session, the nurse is asked to describe the holistic
model of health. Which statement best reflects this concept?
A. Health is defined simply as the absence of disease.
B. Health is determined primarily by genetic predisposition.
C. Health is a temporary state restored by medical intervention.
D. Health is a state of well-being of the whole person—physical, mental, social, and
spiritual—interacting with the environment [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The holistic model views the whole person within their environment rather
than reducing health to the absence of disease. Option A reflects the traditional medical
model, and options B and C are reductionist views.
Q12: A community health nurse administers influenza vaccines at a senior center every
autumn. Which level of preventive care does this activity represent?
A. Primary prevention [CORRECT]
Complete 120 Questions with Detailed Rationales | 100% Verified | Pass Guaranteed –
A+ Graded
SECTION A: Nursing Profession, Theory & Evidence-Based Practice
(Q1–Q10)
Q1: A nursing student is studying the historical foundations of professional nursing.
Which contribution is most associated with Florence Nightingale?
A. Developing the 14 fundamental needs that define nursing practice
B. Describing the adaptation of patients to environmental stimuli
C. Identifying environmental factors such as sanitation, ventilation, light, and nutrition as
major influences on health and healing [CORRECT]
D. Defining self-care as the central goal of nursing interventions
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Nightingale's environmental theory linked sanitation, clean air, water, light,
and nutrition to healing outcomes. The 14 fundamental needs reflect Henderson,
adaptation reflects Roy, and self-care reflects Orem.
Q2: Which nursing theorist defined nursing as assisting the individual, sick or well, in the
performance of activities contributing to health, recovery, or a peaceful death that the
individual would perform unaided if possessing the necessary strength, will, or
knowledge?
A. Martha Rogers
B. Virginia Henderson [CORRECT]
C. Dorothea Orem
D. Sister Callista Roy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Henderson's classic definition and her 14 basic needs emphasize assisting
patients toward independence. Orem focused on self-care deficits, Roy on adaptation
modes, and Rogers on the science of unitary human beings.
Q3: A patient recovering from a stroke is able to wash the face and upper body
independently but requires nursing assistance to bathe the lower body. Applying Orem's
Self-Care Deficit Theory, which system of nursing care does this patient require?
A. Wholly compensatory system
,B. Supportive-educative system
C. Universal self-care requisites
D. Partially compensatory system [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: A partially compensatory system is used when the patient can perform some
self-care but needs nursing assistance for part of it. Wholly compensatory is used when
the nurse performs all care, and supportive-educative when the patient needs only
teaching and support.
Q4: A nurse is applying Roy's Adaptation Model while caring for a postoperative patient.
Which four modes will the nurse assess to determine the patient's adaptive responses?
A. Physiologic, self-concept, role function, and interdependence [CORRECT]
B. Psychological, cognitive, sociocultural, and spiritual
C. Person, environment, health, and nursing
D. Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal stressors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Roy's model uses four adaptive modes—physiologic, self-concept, role
function, and interdependence—to assess adaptation. Option C describes nursing's
metaparadigm, and option D reflects Neuman's lines of defense and stressors.
Q5: A nurse sits at eye level with a grieving patient, holds the patient's hand, and quietly
offers presence without interruption. The nursing student recognizes that this caring
behavior reflects the work of which theorist?
A. Hildegard Peplau
B. Jean Watson [CORRECT]
C. Patricia Benner
D. Madeleine Leininger
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Watson's Theory of Human Caring centers on transpersonal caring
relationships, presence, and Caritas processes that promote healing. Peplau focused on
interpersonal relationships, Benner on skill acquisition, and Leininger on cultural care.
Q6: A nurse who has worked in the ICU for 5 years grasps clinical situations as wholes,
anticipates changes in patients' conditions, and adapts plans rapidly without relying on
rules. According to Benner's novice-to-expert model, which stage best describes this
nurse?
A. Advanced beginner
B. Competent
C. Proficient [CORRECT]
D. Expert
,Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The proficient nurse (typically 3–5 years of experience) perceives situations
holistically and anticipates expected changes. The expert nurse practices intuitively and
fluidly, while competent and advanced-beginner nurses rely more on rules and prior
experiences.
Q7: A nurse formulates the question, "In hospitalized older adults (P), does repositioning
every 2 hours (I) compared with every 4 hours (C) reduce the incidence of pressure
injuries (O)?" Which PICO component does "reduce the incidence of pressure injuries"
represent?
A. Population
B. Intervention
C. Comparison
D. Outcome [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The "O" in PICO is the desired measurable outcome or change the
intervention is expected to produce. The population is the older adults, the intervention
is 2-hour repositioning, and the comparison is 4-hour repositioning.
Q8: A nurse is searching the literature to answer a clinical question about preventing
catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Which evidence source provides the
strongest level of evidence for practice decisions?
A. A systematic review or meta-analysis of multiple randomized controlled trials
[CORRECT]
B. An expert opinion article published in a specialty journal
C. A case study describing one hospital's experience
D. A single quasi-experimental quality improvement project
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In the hierarchy of evidence, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs
provide the strongest evidence by synthesizing multiple studies, while expert opinion,
case studies, and single-site projects sit lower on the pyramid.
Q9: According to the American Nurses Association's Social Policy Statement, which
statement best defines nursing?
A. Nursing focuses primarily on curing disease through prescribed medical regimens
B. Nursing is a technical occupation that assists physicians in carrying out treatments
C. Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities;
prevention of illness and injury; alleviation of suffering through diagnosis and treatment
of human response; and advocacy [CORRECT]
, D. Nursing practice is limited to tasks delegated by licensed providers within acute care
settings
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The ANA definition emphasizes human responses, health promotion,
suffering alleviation, and advocacy—distinguishing nursing from a disease-focused or
physician-assistant role. Options A, B, and D misrepresent nursing's independent
professional scope.
Q10: A new graduate nurse asks what legally defines the scope of professional nursing
practice. What is the most accurate response?
A. The healthcare institution's policy and procedure manual
B. The state nurse practice act [CORRECT]
C. The ANA Standards of Professional Practice
D. The NCLEX test plan
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The state nurse practice act is the legal statute defining permissible nursing
practice, and it takes precedence over institutional policies. ANA standards guide
professional performance but do not carry legal regulatory authority.
SECTION B: Health, Wellness, Culture & Patient-Centered Care
(Q11–Q20)
Q11: During a staff development session, the nurse is asked to describe the holistic
model of health. Which statement best reflects this concept?
A. Health is defined simply as the absence of disease.
B. Health is determined primarily by genetic predisposition.
C. Health is a temporary state restored by medical intervention.
D. Health is a state of well-being of the whole person—physical, mental, social, and
spiritual—interacting with the environment [CORRECT]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The holistic model views the whole person within their environment rather
than reducing health to the absence of disease. Option A reflects the traditional medical
model, and options B and C are reductionist views.
Q12: A community health nurse administers influenza vaccines at a senior center every
autumn. Which level of preventive care does this activity represent?
A. Primary prevention [CORRECT]
