D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type with
another, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change in bronchial lining from ciliated columnar cells to stratified
squamous cells in smokers.
2. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3- of 24 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance does this represent?
A. Respiratory Alkalosis
B. Metabolic Acidosis
,C. Respiratory Acidosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The low pH indicates acidosis, and the elevated PaCO2 indicates
a respiratory cause. The normal bicarbonate suggests there is no compensation yet.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the deposition of antigen-antibody
complexes in tissues, leading to complement activation?
A. Type I (Immediate)
B. Type II (Cytotoxic)
C. Type III (Immune complex-mediated)
D. Type IV (Delayed)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity is caused by the formation of immune
complexes that deposit in blood vessel walls or extravascular tissues, activating
complement and neutrophils.
4. In the extrinsic pathway of coagulation, which factor is released from damaged tissues to
initiate the cascade?
A. Factor XII
B. Factor IX
, C. Tissue Factor (Factor III)
D. Factor X
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor
(thromboplastin) released from damaged vascular endothelium or extravascular tissues.
5. What is the primary pathophysiology behind Graves’ disease?
A. Destruction of thyroid tissue by T-cells
B. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) mimicking TSH
C. Inadequate iodine intake
D. Pituitary adenoma secreting excess TSH
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder where
autoantibodies bind to TSH receptors and stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excess
hormones.
6. Which of the following occurs in the heart as a direct compensatory mechanism for chronic
hypertension?
A. Left ventricular hypertrophy
B. Dilation of the right atrium
C. Decreased myocardial oxygen demand
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type with
another, often due to chronic irritation?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hypertrophy
C. Atrophy
D. Dysplasia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, such as the change in bronchial lining from ciliated columnar cells to stratified
squamous cells in smokers.
2. A patient presents with a pH of 7.25, PaCO2 of 55 mmHg, and HCO3- of 24 mEq/L. Which
acid-base imbalance does this represent?
A. Respiratory Alkalosis
B. Metabolic Acidosis
,C. Respiratory Acidosis
D. Metabolic Alkalosis
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The low pH indicates acidosis, and the elevated PaCO2 indicates
a respiratory cause. The normal bicarbonate suggests there is no compensation yet.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction involves the deposition of antigen-antibody
complexes in tissues, leading to complement activation?
A. Type I (Immediate)
B. Type II (Cytotoxic)
C. Type III (Immune complex-mediated)
D. Type IV (Delayed)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type III hypersensitivity is caused by the formation of immune
complexes that deposit in blood vessel walls or extravascular tissues, activating
complement and neutrophils.
4. In the extrinsic pathway of coagulation, which factor is released from damaged tissues to
initiate the cascade?
A. Factor XII
B. Factor IX
, C. Tissue Factor (Factor III)
D. Factor X
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor
(thromboplastin) released from damaged vascular endothelium or extravascular tissues.
5. What is the primary pathophysiology behind Graves’ disease?
A. Destruction of thyroid tissue by T-cells
B. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) mimicking TSH
C. Inadequate iodine intake
D. Pituitary adenoma secreting excess TSH
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder where
autoantibodies bind to TSH receptors and stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excess
hormones.
6. Which of the following occurs in the heart as a direct compensatory mechanism for chronic
hypertension?
A. Left ventricular hypertrophy
B. Dilation of the right atrium
C. Decreased myocardial oxygen demand
