Nur651 Final Bradley University Exam
Questions & Answers With Detailed
Rationales 2026
Instructions: This exam contains multiple-choice questions covering the core content tested on
the NUR 651 Final Exam. Topics include advanced pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug
interactions, pathophysiology, and clinical decision-making.
1. Which of the types of chemical bonding between drugs and their receptors is
the least common?
A. Ionic
B. Hydrogen
C. Covalent
D. Van der Waals
Correct Answer: C — Covalent
Rationale: Covalent bonding is the least common type of drug-receptor bonding.
Covalent bonds are strong and often irreversible, which is why they are rare in
pharmacology .
2. Which type of drug classification is most important to the practitioner?
,A. Chemical classification
B. Therapeutic classification
C. Pharmacologic classification
D. Molecular classification
Correct Answer: B — Therapeutic classification
Rationale: The therapeutic classification is most important to the practitioner
because it describes what the drug is used to treat, which is directly relevant to
clinical decision-making .
3. Mechanism of Action is defined as:
A. The manner in which molecular targets are affected by the drug
B. The route of drug administration
C. The half-life of the drug
D. The therapeutic window of the drug
Correct Answer: A — The manner in which molecular targets are affected by the
drug
Rationale: Mechanism of action refers to the manner in which molecular targets
are affected by the drug, describing how the drug produces its effects .
, 4. A patient with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (eGFR 25 mL/min)
is started on metformin. The provider orders a serum lactate level. Which
pharmacodynamic principle best explains the need for this monitoring?
A. Metformin undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, requiring liver function
tests
B. Metformin is primarily excreted unchanged by the kidneys, and accumulation
can precipitate lactic acidosis
C. Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis, leading to increased lactate production in
the liver
D. Metformin competes with lactate for organic cation transporter-2 in the
proximal tubule
Correct Answer: B — Metformin is primarily excreted unchanged by the kidneys,
and accumulation can precipitate lactic acidosis
Rationale: Metformin is excreted unchanged by the kidneys; reduced renal
function leads to drug accumulation and increased risk of lactic acidosis.
Monitoring serum lactate is essential .
Questions & Answers With Detailed
Rationales 2026
Instructions: This exam contains multiple-choice questions covering the core content tested on
the NUR 651 Final Exam. Topics include advanced pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug
interactions, pathophysiology, and clinical decision-making.
1. Which of the types of chemical bonding between drugs and their receptors is
the least common?
A. Ionic
B. Hydrogen
C. Covalent
D. Van der Waals
Correct Answer: C — Covalent
Rationale: Covalent bonding is the least common type of drug-receptor bonding.
Covalent bonds are strong and often irreversible, which is why they are rare in
pharmacology .
2. Which type of drug classification is most important to the practitioner?
,A. Chemical classification
B. Therapeutic classification
C. Pharmacologic classification
D. Molecular classification
Correct Answer: B — Therapeutic classification
Rationale: The therapeutic classification is most important to the practitioner
because it describes what the drug is used to treat, which is directly relevant to
clinical decision-making .
3. Mechanism of Action is defined as:
A. The manner in which molecular targets are affected by the drug
B. The route of drug administration
C. The half-life of the drug
D. The therapeutic window of the drug
Correct Answer: A — The manner in which molecular targets are affected by the
drug
Rationale: Mechanism of action refers to the manner in which molecular targets
are affected by the drug, describing how the drug produces its effects .
, 4. A patient with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (eGFR 25 mL/min)
is started on metformin. The provider orders a serum lactate level. Which
pharmacodynamic principle best explains the need for this monitoring?
A. Metformin undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, requiring liver function
tests
B. Metformin is primarily excreted unchanged by the kidneys, and accumulation
can precipitate lactic acidosis
C. Metformin inhibits gluconeogenesis, leading to increased lactate production in
the liver
D. Metformin competes with lactate for organic cation transporter-2 in the
proximal tubule
Correct Answer: B — Metformin is primarily excreted unchanged by the kidneys,
and accumulation can precipitate lactic acidosis
Rationale: Metformin is excreted unchanged by the kidneys; reduced renal
function leads to drug accumulation and increased risk of lactic acidosis.
Monitoring serum lactate is essential .
