NSG 1520 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1| SOUTH
COLLEGE | QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
What is atrophy and what causes it? - Answers - Atrophy is a decrease in the size of an
organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in the mass of pre-existing cells. It's typically a
result from disuse, nutritional or oxygen deprivation, diminished endocrine stimulation,
aging, and denervation (lack of nerve stimulation in peripheral muscles caused by injury
to motor nerves). Example: bed ridden
latency period - Answers - Disease is present but has not shown any symptoms
Incubation period - Answers - interval between initial infection and first signs and
symptoms
hypertrophy - Answers - Cells increase in size. Example body builder. The breakdown
of muscles to grow bigger muscles
Hyperplasia - Answers - cells increase in number example: keloid scarring. Over
produce of cells
Metaplasia - Answers - Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
example: GERD
Apoptosis - Answers - programmed cell death
Acidosis - Answers - excessive acidity of body fluids, pH below 7.35
alkelosis - Answers - pH above 7.45
intracellular fluid - Answers - fluid within cells
extracellular fluid - Answers - fluid outside the cell
intravascular fluid - Answers - fluid within blood vessels
interstitial fluid - Answers - fluid between cells example: edema
edema - Answers - puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid lack of albumin
Osmosis - Answers - Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion - Answers - Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
, Dehydration - Answers - Thirst is a late sign of
thirst mechanism - Answers - osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Answers - Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells
in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the
blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.
active transport - Answers - Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell
membrane against a concentration difference (atp)
Kidney disease - Answers - Messes with our synthesis of proteins. They may be
impaired with malnutrition and malabsorption diseases or patients with liver disease
albumin (alb), protein drops very fast in - Answers - Burn patients
capillary permeability - Answers - Ability of substances to diffuse through capillary walls
into the tissue spaces.
Signs and symptoms of dehydration - Answers - Dry mucous membranes, decreased
skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT, decreased mental function,
confusion, and loss of consciousness
Proper urine output - Answers - 30 cc's an hour
Dehydration - Answers - hypovolemia
Electrolytes balance in sodium - Answers - 135-145
electrolyte balance in potassium - Answers - 3.5-5.0
sodium balance - Answers - maintained by kidneys, travels freely in blood, generally
ingestion=excretion
symptoms of hyponatremia - Answers - rapid pulse, weakness, lethargy, headache,
polyuria, decreased urine speficic gravity, dry skin/mucous membranes, and olguria
*olguria is small urine production*
Symptoms of hypernatremia - Answers - neurological symptoms (tremors, irritability,
ataxia, confusion, and coma)
What causes hyperkalemia? - Answers - The most common cause is renal failure.
Hyperkalemia is also common with massive cell destruction (e.g., burn or crush injury,
tumor lysis); rapid transfusion of stored, hemolyzed blood; and catabolic states (e.g.,
severe infections).
COLLEGE | QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
What is atrophy and what causes it? - Answers - Atrophy is a decrease in the size of an
organ or tissue resulting from a decrease in the mass of pre-existing cells. It's typically a
result from disuse, nutritional or oxygen deprivation, diminished endocrine stimulation,
aging, and denervation (lack of nerve stimulation in peripheral muscles caused by injury
to motor nerves). Example: bed ridden
latency period - Answers - Disease is present but has not shown any symptoms
Incubation period - Answers - interval between initial infection and first signs and
symptoms
hypertrophy - Answers - Cells increase in size. Example body builder. The breakdown
of muscles to grow bigger muscles
Hyperplasia - Answers - cells increase in number example: keloid scarring. Over
produce of cells
Metaplasia - Answers - Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
example: GERD
Apoptosis - Answers - programmed cell death
Acidosis - Answers - excessive acidity of body fluids, pH below 7.35
alkelosis - Answers - pH above 7.45
intracellular fluid - Answers - fluid within cells
extracellular fluid - Answers - fluid outside the cell
intravascular fluid - Answers - fluid within blood vessels
interstitial fluid - Answers - fluid between cells example: edema
edema - Answers - puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid lack of albumin
Osmosis - Answers - Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion - Answers - Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration.
, Dehydration - Answers - Thirst is a late sign of
thirst mechanism - Answers - osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Answers - Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells
in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the
blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.
active transport - Answers - Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell
membrane against a concentration difference (atp)
Kidney disease - Answers - Messes with our synthesis of proteins. They may be
impaired with malnutrition and malabsorption diseases or patients with liver disease
albumin (alb), protein drops very fast in - Answers - Burn patients
capillary permeability - Answers - Ability of substances to diffuse through capillary walls
into the tissue spaces.
Signs and symptoms of dehydration - Answers - Dry mucous membranes, decreased
skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT, decreased mental function,
confusion, and loss of consciousness
Proper urine output - Answers - 30 cc's an hour
Dehydration - Answers - hypovolemia
Electrolytes balance in sodium - Answers - 135-145
electrolyte balance in potassium - Answers - 3.5-5.0
sodium balance - Answers - maintained by kidneys, travels freely in blood, generally
ingestion=excretion
symptoms of hyponatremia - Answers - rapid pulse, weakness, lethargy, headache,
polyuria, decreased urine speficic gravity, dry skin/mucous membranes, and olguria
*olguria is small urine production*
Symptoms of hypernatremia - Answers - neurological symptoms (tremors, irritability,
ataxia, confusion, and coma)
What causes hyperkalemia? - Answers - The most common cause is renal failure.
Hyperkalemia is also common with massive cell destruction (e.g., burn or crush injury,
tumor lysis); rapid transfusion of stored, hemolyzed blood; and catabolic states (e.g.,
severe infections).
