1|Page
NUR-631 Final Exam Study Guide|
High Quality Q&A 2026
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
a. Bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Viruses
d. Parasite - correct-answer-a. Bacteria
Exp: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, Proteus, or
Pseudomonas. pages 1351-52
A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell casts and
proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/ day with albumin as the major protein. These data
suggest the presence of which disorder?
a. Cystitis
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b. Chronic pyelonephritis
c. Glomerulonephritis
d. Nephrotic syndrome - correct-answer-c. Glomerulonephritis
Exp: The data suggest the patient has the disorder known as glomerulonephritis.
Two major changes distinctive of more severe glomerulonephritis are (1)
hematuria with red blood cell casts and (2) proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/ day with
albumin as the major protein. These symptoms do not support the diagnosis of
the other options. page 1357
How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute
renal failure?
a. Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium resulting in
more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.
b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
c. Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried
into the cell.
,3|Page
d. Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into
the cell in exchange for hydrogen - correct-answer-b. When insulin transports
glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
Exp: This selection is the only option that accurately describes glucose
metabolism causing potassium to move to the intracellular fluid; insulin infusions
therefore can be effective in shifting potassium from the extracellular to
intracellular space, along with the transport of glucose. page 1363
________ is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal
failure
a. Intrinsic factor
b. Vitamin B12
c. Vitamin D
d. Erythropoietin - correct-answer-d. Erythropoietin
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In glomerulonephritis, what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria?
(Select all that apply)
a. Ischemia
b. Lysosomal enzymes
c. Compression from edema
d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability - correct-answer-d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability
Exp: Activated complement, inflammatory cytokines, oxidants, proteases, and
growth factors attack epithelial cells, alter membrane permeability, and cause
proteinuria. None of the other options are responsible for this process. page
1353-1357
Prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from which condition? (Select all
that apply.)
a. Bilateral ureteral obstruction
NUR-631 Final Exam Study Guide|
High Quality Q&A 2026
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
a. Bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Viruses
d. Parasite - correct-answer-a. Bacteria
Exp: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, Proteus, or
Pseudomonas. pages 1351-52
A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell casts and
proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/ day with albumin as the major protein. These data
suggest the presence of which disorder?
a. Cystitis
,2|Page
b. Chronic pyelonephritis
c. Glomerulonephritis
d. Nephrotic syndrome - correct-answer-c. Glomerulonephritis
Exp: The data suggest the patient has the disorder known as glomerulonephritis.
Two major changes distinctive of more severe glomerulonephritis are (1)
hematuria with red blood cell casts and (2) proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/ day with
albumin as the major protein. These symptoms do not support the diagnosis of
the other options. page 1357
How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute
renal failure?
a. Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium resulting in
more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.
b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
c. Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried
into the cell.
,3|Page
d. Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into
the cell in exchange for hydrogen - correct-answer-b. When insulin transports
glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
Exp: This selection is the only option that accurately describes glucose
metabolism causing potassium to move to the intracellular fluid; insulin infusions
therefore can be effective in shifting potassium from the extracellular to
intracellular space, along with the transport of glucose. page 1363
________ is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal
failure
a. Intrinsic factor
b. Vitamin B12
c. Vitamin D
d. Erythropoietin - correct-answer-d. Erythropoietin
, 4|Page
In glomerulonephritis, what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria?
(Select all that apply)
a. Ischemia
b. Lysosomal enzymes
c. Compression from edema
d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability - correct-answer-d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability
Exp: Activated complement, inflammatory cytokines, oxidants, proteases, and
growth factors attack epithelial cells, alter membrane permeability, and cause
proteinuria. None of the other options are responsible for this process. page
1353-1357
Prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from which condition? (Select all
that apply.)
a. Bilateral ureteral obstruction
