HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Unit 1 - Correct Answers -
Theories/Theorists - Correct Answers -
Baltes - Correct Answers -Paul Baltes was a German developmental psychologist best
known for his Lifespan Developmental Theory, which emphasizes that human
development is a lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, and plastic process
influenced by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. He also introduced the
idea of selective optimization with compensation (SOC), where people adapt to aging by
focusing on strengths, optimizing abilities, and compensating for losses.
Bandura - Correct Answers -his Bobo doll experiment was a series of studies conducted
in the early 1960s to investigate how children learn aggressive behavior through
observation and imitation. The experiment was designed to explore social learning
theory, which suggests that people can learn new behaviors by observing others.
Erikson - Correct Answers -He believed that humans are active, adaptive explorers who
try to control their environments. Primarily Nurture over Nature.
Erikson's Theory - Correct Answers -Psychosocial development theory
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 yr) Babies learn if they can trust the world based on how
well their needs are met. Virtue: Hope
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1.5-3 yrs) Toddlers try to do things on their
own. Support builds confidence; too much control causes shame.
Virtue: Will
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 yrs) Kids start making plans and acting on them.
Encouragement builds leadership; too much restriction causes guilt.
Virtue: Purpose
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 yrs) School-age kids work hard to be good at
things. Success brings pride; failure brings doubt. Virtue: Competence
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-19 yrs) Teens explore who they are. Success
brings a strong sense of self; confusion leads to an unclear identity. Virtue: Fidelity
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40 yrs) Adults form close relationships. Success
brings love; failure leads to loneliness. Virtue: Love
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (41-65 yrs) Middle-aged adults focus on giving
back (family, work, community). If not, they feel stuck and unfulfilled.
Virtue: Care
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (66+ yrs) Older adults reflect on life. Satisfaction brings
peace; regret brings despair. Virtue: Wisdom
Each stage builds on the last. Success leads to healthy growth; failure can cause
lifelong struggles.
,Freud - Correct Answers -→ Freud viewed humans as as inherently negative creatures
→ He strongly believed in sexual drive and its impact on shaping humans
→ Freud was a big believer of nature over nurture
theories: psychoanalytic and psychosexual
Freud (psychoanalytic theory) - Correct Answers -ID- instinctive, driven by libido, (I'd
wanna do that)
EGO- Reasoning, reality, mediator
SUPEREGO- concience, super moral (SUPER careful)
Freud (psychosexual) - Correct Answers -
Piaget - Correct Answers -cognitive development
piaget intellectual development - Correct Answers -Great importance was placed on the
education of children
Piaget stated that, "only education is capable of saving our societies from possible
collapse, whether violent or gradual."
Piaget anticipated that the majority of children, at any given age, will be performing
intellectually in a certain manner
Piaget's theory stresses cognitive development
skinner - Correct Answers -The Skinner Box
Skinner used a hungry rat in a "Skinner Box" to show how positive reinforcement works
The box contained a lever on the side, and as the rat moved about the box, it would
accidentally knock lever
Immediately after it did so a food pellet would drop into a container next to the lever
The consequences of receiving food every time the rat hit the lever ensured that the
animal repeated the action again and again
Neutral responses
They are responses from the environment that produce no stimulus other than focusing
attention. They neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behaviour being
repeated
Reinforcers
They are responses from the environment that increase the likelihood of a behaviour
being repeated. They can their be positive or negative
Punishers
These are negative parents that make the likelihood of a behavior decrease.
Punishment weakens behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement involves the presentation of an appetitive stimulus to increase
the likelihood of a behaviour occurring in the future
Negative Reinforcement
, Negative reinforcement occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is
removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behaviour
Watson - Correct Answers -Conducted this experiment to show how emotional
responses could be conditioned. He paired a white rat with a loud noise, leading Albert
to develop a fear of the rat.
Little Albert experiment
Carried out in 1920 at John Hopkins University, it is one of the most controversial
experiments in psychology
The goal of the experiment wa to show how principles of classical conditioning could be
applied to condition fear of a white rate into "little albert," 9 month old boy
Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner first presented the boy a white rat and
observed that he was not afraid of it
Second, they presented him with a white rat and then clanged an iron rod
Little albert responded by crying
This was repeated several times
Finally, they presented the white rat by itself and the boy showed fear
Later, in an attempt to see if the fear transferred to other objects, Watson presented
albert wt a ra rabbit, dog, abd a fur coat
He cried at the sight of all of them
The study demonstrated how emotions could become conditioned responses
Questions - Correct Answers -
What are the angel and devil representative of in Freud's Psychoanalytic theory of
Development? - Correct Answers -The id is not in touch with reality or logic, it simply
compels a person to do what they want, regardless of consequences or repercussions.
The id is represented by the devil due to its reckless and disregarding nature
→ The superego is the inherent good in a person that has been instilled or molded by
figures such as parents, teachers and society. The superego is responsible for
compelling people to make the morally right decision based on society's and other's
expectations. The superego is represented by the angel, due to the "ideal self" that it
promotes.
Who saw humans as inherently bad creatures? Who saw humans as inherently good
creatures? - Correct Answers -→ Sigmund Freud viewed humans as inherently bad
creatures, and Erik Erikson viewed humans as good and rational beings.
Who believed that humans are active, adaptive explorers who try to control their
environment? - Correct Answers -→ Erik Erikson
Explain the different aspects of physical development - Correct Answers -- Puberty and
Hormonal Changes: Adolescents undergo rapid hormonal changes that trigger physical
growth, including the development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., breast
development in girls, facial hair in boys).
EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Unit 1 - Correct Answers -
Theories/Theorists - Correct Answers -
Baltes - Correct Answers -Paul Baltes was a German developmental psychologist best
known for his Lifespan Developmental Theory, which emphasizes that human
development is a lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, and plastic process
influenced by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. He also introduced the
idea of selective optimization with compensation (SOC), where people adapt to aging by
focusing on strengths, optimizing abilities, and compensating for losses.
Bandura - Correct Answers -his Bobo doll experiment was a series of studies conducted
in the early 1960s to investigate how children learn aggressive behavior through
observation and imitation. The experiment was designed to explore social learning
theory, which suggests that people can learn new behaviors by observing others.
Erikson - Correct Answers -He believed that humans are active, adaptive explorers who
try to control their environments. Primarily Nurture over Nature.
Erikson's Theory - Correct Answers -Psychosocial development theory
Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 yr) Babies learn if they can trust the world based on how
well their needs are met. Virtue: Hope
Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1.5-3 yrs) Toddlers try to do things on their
own. Support builds confidence; too much control causes shame.
Virtue: Will
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 yrs) Kids start making plans and acting on them.
Encouragement builds leadership; too much restriction causes guilt.
Virtue: Purpose
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 yrs) School-age kids work hard to be good at
things. Success brings pride; failure brings doubt. Virtue: Competence
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-19 yrs) Teens explore who they are. Success
brings a strong sense of self; confusion leads to an unclear identity. Virtue: Fidelity
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40 yrs) Adults form close relationships. Success
brings love; failure leads to loneliness. Virtue: Love
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (41-65 yrs) Middle-aged adults focus on giving
back (family, work, community). If not, they feel stuck and unfulfilled.
Virtue: Care
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (66+ yrs) Older adults reflect on life. Satisfaction brings
peace; regret brings despair. Virtue: Wisdom
Each stage builds on the last. Success leads to healthy growth; failure can cause
lifelong struggles.
,Freud - Correct Answers -→ Freud viewed humans as as inherently negative creatures
→ He strongly believed in sexual drive and its impact on shaping humans
→ Freud was a big believer of nature over nurture
theories: psychoanalytic and psychosexual
Freud (psychoanalytic theory) - Correct Answers -ID- instinctive, driven by libido, (I'd
wanna do that)
EGO- Reasoning, reality, mediator
SUPEREGO- concience, super moral (SUPER careful)
Freud (psychosexual) - Correct Answers -
Piaget - Correct Answers -cognitive development
piaget intellectual development - Correct Answers -Great importance was placed on the
education of children
Piaget stated that, "only education is capable of saving our societies from possible
collapse, whether violent or gradual."
Piaget anticipated that the majority of children, at any given age, will be performing
intellectually in a certain manner
Piaget's theory stresses cognitive development
skinner - Correct Answers -The Skinner Box
Skinner used a hungry rat in a "Skinner Box" to show how positive reinforcement works
The box contained a lever on the side, and as the rat moved about the box, it would
accidentally knock lever
Immediately after it did so a food pellet would drop into a container next to the lever
The consequences of receiving food every time the rat hit the lever ensured that the
animal repeated the action again and again
Neutral responses
They are responses from the environment that produce no stimulus other than focusing
attention. They neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behaviour being
repeated
Reinforcers
They are responses from the environment that increase the likelihood of a behaviour
being repeated. They can their be positive or negative
Punishers
These are negative parents that make the likelihood of a behavior decrease.
Punishment weakens behaviour
Positive Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement involves the presentation of an appetitive stimulus to increase
the likelihood of a behaviour occurring in the future
Negative Reinforcement
, Negative reinforcement occurs when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is
removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behaviour
Watson - Correct Answers -Conducted this experiment to show how emotional
responses could be conditioned. He paired a white rat with a loud noise, leading Albert
to develop a fear of the rat.
Little Albert experiment
Carried out in 1920 at John Hopkins University, it is one of the most controversial
experiments in psychology
The goal of the experiment wa to show how principles of classical conditioning could be
applied to condition fear of a white rate into "little albert," 9 month old boy
Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner first presented the boy a white rat and
observed that he was not afraid of it
Second, they presented him with a white rat and then clanged an iron rod
Little albert responded by crying
This was repeated several times
Finally, they presented the white rat by itself and the boy showed fear
Later, in an attempt to see if the fear transferred to other objects, Watson presented
albert wt a ra rabbit, dog, abd a fur coat
He cried at the sight of all of them
The study demonstrated how emotions could become conditioned responses
Questions - Correct Answers -
What are the angel and devil representative of in Freud's Psychoanalytic theory of
Development? - Correct Answers -The id is not in touch with reality or logic, it simply
compels a person to do what they want, regardless of consequences or repercussions.
The id is represented by the devil due to its reckless and disregarding nature
→ The superego is the inherent good in a person that has been instilled or molded by
figures such as parents, teachers and society. The superego is responsible for
compelling people to make the morally right decision based on society's and other's
expectations. The superego is represented by the angel, due to the "ideal self" that it
promotes.
Who saw humans as inherently bad creatures? Who saw humans as inherently good
creatures? - Correct Answers -→ Sigmund Freud viewed humans as inherently bad
creatures, and Erik Erikson viewed humans as good and rational beings.
Who believed that humans are active, adaptive explorers who try to control their
environment? - Correct Answers -→ Erik Erikson
Explain the different aspects of physical development - Correct Answers -- Puberty and
Hormonal Changes: Adolescents undergo rapid hormonal changes that trigger physical
growth, including the development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., breast
development in girls, facial hair in boys).
