Index
REPRODUCTION IN VERTEBRATES .................................................................................................. 6
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FERTILIZATION .............................................................................. 6
OVI PAIR, OVOVI PAIR AND VIVI PAIR ........................................................................................ 7
AMNIOTICAL EGG ............................................................................................................................. 7
STRUCTURE OF AN AMNIOTICAL EGG .................................................................................. 8
PRECOSIAL AND ALTRICIAL DEVELOPMENT........................................................................... 9
PARENTAL CARE .............................................................................................................................. 9
HUMAN REPRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................10
Reproductive systems ..................................................................................................................10
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM .............................................................................................10
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM..........................................................................................11
OVARY.............................................................................................................................................11
Puberty ..............................................................................................................................................12
MEN ................................................................................................................................................12
WOMEN .........................................................................................................................................12
GAMETOGENESIS ............................................................................................................................12
SPERMATOGENESIS..................................................................................................................13
EYEGENESIS ................................................................................................................................13
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Christené Beukes Life Sciences notes
, MENSTRUAL CYCLE ........................................................................................................................14
THE UTERINE CYCLE..................................................................................................................14
OVARIAN CYCLE .........................................................................................................................15
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS ................................................................................... 16
FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................................... 16
THE PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION ......................................................................................... 17
DEVELOPMENT OF ZYGOTE ..................................................................................................... 17
PREGNANCY ................................................................................................................................ 17
DEVELOPING FETUS ..................................................................................................................18
REACTION TO THE ENVIRONMENT: HUMANS .............................................................................. 20
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 20
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM...................................................................................................... 20
S TRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN ..................................................................21
SPINAL CORD ..............................................................................................................................21
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM............................................................................................... 22
AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM ............................................................................................ 22
NERVES ............................................................................................................................................. 23
STRUCTURE OF A BASIC NEURON ....................................................................................... 23
SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS........................................................................................24
REFLEX ARC .................................................................................................................................... 25
BUILDING A REFLEX ARCH .................................................................................................... 25
SYNAPSE ..................................................................................................................................... 26
ABNORMALITIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ........................................................................ 27
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE ........................................................................................................... 27
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (US) ................................................................................................... 27
RECEPTORS ..................................................................................................................................... 28
THE HUMAN EYE ............................................................................................................................. 29
BUILDING THE EYE .................................................................................................................... 29
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Christené Beukes Life Sciences notes
, BINOCULAR VISION .................................................................................................................. 29
ACCOMMODATION..................................................................................................................... 30
PUPIL MECHANISM .................................................................................................................. 30
VISUAL DEFECTS/ FACIAL DEFECTS ....................................................................................31
THE EAR ............................................................................................................................................ 32
BUILDING THE HUMAN EAR ................................................................................................... 32
HEARING ......................................................................................................................................34
BALANCE ..................................................................................................................................... 35
HEARING DEFECTS ................................................................................................................... 36
RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT (PLANTS) ............................................................................ 38
Plant hormones ............................................................................................................................. 38
PLANT HORMONE FUNCTIONS .............................................................................................. 38
AUXINE AND TROPISM ............................................................................................................ 39
PHOTOTROPISM......................................................................................................................... 39
GEOTROPISM ..............................................................................................................................40
WEED CONTROL THROUGH PLANT HORMONES ..............................................................40
PLANT DEFENSE MECHANISMS .................................................................................................41
CHEMICALS..................................................................................................................................41
THORNS.........................................................................................................................................41
EXPERIMENTS .................................................................................................................................42
IMPACT OF GRAVITY ON GEOTROPISM ...............................................................................42
IMPACT OF SUNLIGHT ON PHOTOTROPISM ......................................................................43
IMPACT OF AUXINS ON THE GROWTH OF SIDE BRANCHES........................................43
IMPACT OF AUXINS ON VERTICAL GROWTH .................................................................... 44
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 46
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 46
HORMONES ................................................................................................................................. 46
BUILDING OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 47
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Christené Beukes Life Sciences notes
, HOMEOSTASIS .....................................................................................................................................48
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................48
Negative Feedback Mechanism ...............................................................................................48
GENERAL SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM ..........48
THYROXINE LEVELS.................................................................................................................. 49
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS ......................................................................................................50
CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS ......................................................................................................50
WATER BALANCE (OSMOREGULATION) ..............................................................................51
SALT FLATS ................................................................................................................................ 52
TEMPERATURE REGULATION (THERMOREGULATION)................................................... 53
ABNORMALITIES DUE TO A HORMONAL IMBALANCE ...................................................54
Recognitions ........................................................................................................................................ 55
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Christené Beukes Life Sciences notes
REPRODUCTION IN VERTEBRATES .................................................................................................. 6
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FERTILIZATION .............................................................................. 6
OVI PAIR, OVOVI PAIR AND VIVI PAIR ........................................................................................ 7
AMNIOTICAL EGG ............................................................................................................................. 7
STRUCTURE OF AN AMNIOTICAL EGG .................................................................................. 8
PRECOSIAL AND ALTRICIAL DEVELOPMENT........................................................................... 9
PARENTAL CARE .............................................................................................................................. 9
HUMAN REPRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................10
Reproductive systems ..................................................................................................................10
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM .............................................................................................10
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM..........................................................................................11
OVARY.............................................................................................................................................11
Puberty ..............................................................................................................................................12
MEN ................................................................................................................................................12
WOMEN .........................................................................................................................................12
GAMETOGENESIS ............................................................................................................................12
SPERMATOGENESIS..................................................................................................................13
EYEGENESIS ................................................................................................................................13
1
Christené Beukes Life Sciences notes
, MENSTRUAL CYCLE ........................................................................................................................14
THE UTERINE CYCLE..................................................................................................................14
OVARIAN CYCLE .........................................................................................................................15
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS ................................................................................... 16
FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................................... 16
THE PROCESS OF FERTILIZATION ......................................................................................... 17
DEVELOPMENT OF ZYGOTE ..................................................................................................... 17
PREGNANCY ................................................................................................................................ 17
DEVELOPING FETUS ..................................................................................................................18
REACTION TO THE ENVIRONMENT: HUMANS .............................................................................. 20
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 20
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM...................................................................................................... 20
S TRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN ..................................................................21
SPINAL CORD ..............................................................................................................................21
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM............................................................................................... 22
AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM ............................................................................................ 22
NERVES ............................................................................................................................................. 23
STRUCTURE OF A BASIC NEURON ....................................................................................... 23
SENSORY AND MOTOR NEURONS........................................................................................24
REFLEX ARC .................................................................................................................................... 25
BUILDING A REFLEX ARCH .................................................................................................... 25
SYNAPSE ..................................................................................................................................... 26
ABNORMALITIES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ........................................................................ 27
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE ........................................................................................................... 27
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (US) ................................................................................................... 27
RECEPTORS ..................................................................................................................................... 28
THE HUMAN EYE ............................................................................................................................. 29
BUILDING THE EYE .................................................................................................................... 29
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Christené Beukes Life Sciences notes
, BINOCULAR VISION .................................................................................................................. 29
ACCOMMODATION..................................................................................................................... 30
PUPIL MECHANISM .................................................................................................................. 30
VISUAL DEFECTS/ FACIAL DEFECTS ....................................................................................31
THE EAR ............................................................................................................................................ 32
BUILDING THE HUMAN EAR ................................................................................................... 32
HEARING ......................................................................................................................................34
BALANCE ..................................................................................................................................... 35
HEARING DEFECTS ................................................................................................................... 36
RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT (PLANTS) ............................................................................ 38
Plant hormones ............................................................................................................................. 38
PLANT HORMONE FUNCTIONS .............................................................................................. 38
AUXINE AND TROPISM ............................................................................................................ 39
PHOTOTROPISM......................................................................................................................... 39
GEOTROPISM ..............................................................................................................................40
WEED CONTROL THROUGH PLANT HORMONES ..............................................................40
PLANT DEFENSE MECHANISMS .................................................................................................41
CHEMICALS..................................................................................................................................41
THORNS.........................................................................................................................................41
EXPERIMENTS .................................................................................................................................42
IMPACT OF GRAVITY ON GEOTROPISM ...............................................................................42
IMPACT OF SUNLIGHT ON PHOTOTROPISM ......................................................................43
IMPACT OF AUXINS ON THE GROWTH OF SIDE BRANCHES........................................43
IMPACT OF AUXINS ON VERTICAL GROWTH .................................................................... 44
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 46
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 46
HORMONES ................................................................................................................................. 46
BUILDING OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 47
3
Christené Beukes Life Sciences notes
, HOMEOSTASIS .....................................................................................................................................48
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................48
Negative Feedback Mechanism ...............................................................................................48
GENERAL SEQUENCE OF EVENTS IN A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM ..........48
THYROXINE LEVELS.................................................................................................................. 49
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS ......................................................................................................50
CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS ......................................................................................................50
WATER BALANCE (OSMOREGULATION) ..............................................................................51
SALT FLATS ................................................................................................................................ 52
TEMPERATURE REGULATION (THERMOREGULATION)................................................... 53
ABNORMALITIES DUE TO A HORMONAL IMBALANCE ...................................................54
Recognitions ........................................................................................................................................ 55
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Christené Beukes Life Sciences notes
