SolutionManualfor b b
StatisticsforNursing b b
b ResearchAWorkbook b b
forEvidence-Based
b b
b Practice3rdEdition
b b
b SusanGroveDaisha
b b
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded b b b b b b
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of b
1
b b
Measurement: Nominal, b b
b Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio b b b
Thequestionsareinboldfollowedbyanswers.
b b b b b b b
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a rationale for
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
your answer.
b b
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categorieswere
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the subjects
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more than one
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not measured at
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale foryour
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
answer.
b
Answer: The mode for current therapy was βblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
sample.
b
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample? Discuss
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
b b b b b b b b
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level data
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp,
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
2017).
b
4. Researchersusedthefollowingitemtomeasureregisterednurses’(RNs)incomeinastudy:What b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
category identifies yourcurrentincome asan RN?
b b b b b b b b
a. Lessthan$50,000
b b b
b. $50,000to59,999
b b b
c. $60,000to69,999
b b b
d. $70,000to80,000
b b b
e. $80,000orgreater b b b
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the rules
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
areexhaustive,rangingfromlessthan$50,000togreaterthan$80,000.Thetwoopen-ended
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
AG1-1 b
,AG1-2
b Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded b b b b b b
categoriesensurethatallsalarylevelsarecovered.Thecategoriesarenotexclusive,sincecatego-ries (d) b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d) or (e)
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater than
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
$80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;Waltzetal., 2017).
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
5. WhatlevelofmeasurementistheCDSscore?Providearationaleforyouranswer.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
levelofmeasurement(Gray etal.,2017;Waltzetal.,2017).
b b b b b b b b b b b
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe cardiac
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
patientsin this study? Provide a rationale foryouranswer.
b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of this result.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with depression
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
mightbediagnosedand treatedasneeded.
b b b b b b b
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent (%).
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 patients
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treated for
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the following formula:
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
(group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) ×
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
practice?
b
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine a
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status score could be used to
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusofcardiacpatients.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
b b b b b b AG 1-3 b
10. How was exercise confidence measured in thisstudy? Whatwas thelevel ofmeasurementfor the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer: Exercise
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
confidence ofthe patients withheart failure (HF) in thisstudy wasmeasuredwiththe Exercise
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ConfidenceScalethatincludedfoursubscalesfocusedonwalking,climbing,lifting objects of graded
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewithvaluesrangingfrom0to
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
100.Thepatients’scoresfortheTotalExerciseConfidencescaleand the subscales were considered
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,suchas meansandSDs(seethestudy
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
narrative;Waltzetal., 2017).
b b b b b
StatisticsforNursing b b
b ResearchAWorkbook b b
forEvidence-Based
b b
b Practice3rdEdition
b b
b SusanGroveDaisha
b b
, AnswerGuidelinesforQuestionstoBeGraded b b b b b b
EXERCISE
Identifying Levels of b
1
b b
Measurement: Nominal, b b
b Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio b b b
Thequestionsareinboldfollowedbyanswers.
b b b b b b b
1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a rationale for
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
your answer.
b b
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categorieswere
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs the subjects
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more than one
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not measured at
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be considered more
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale foryour
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
answer.
b
Answer: The mode for current therapy was βblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for this
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
sample.
b
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample? Discuss
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
b b b b b b b b
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio- level data
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray, 2017; Knapp,
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
2017).
b
4. Researchersusedthefollowingitemtomeasureregisterednurses’(RNs)incomeinastudy:What b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
category identifies yourcurrentincome asan RN?
b b b b b b b b
a. Lessthan$50,000
b b b
b. $50,000to59,999
b b b
c. $60,000to69,999
b b b
d. $70,000to80,000
b b b
e. $80,000orgreater b b b
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the rules
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego- ries
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
areexhaustive,rangingfromlessthan$50,000togreaterthan$80,000.Thetwoopen-ended
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
AG1-1 b
,AG1-2
b Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded b b b b b b
categoriesensurethatallsalarylevelsarecovered.Thecategoriesarenotexclusive,sincecatego-ries (d) b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either (d) or (e)
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changed to greater than
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
$80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lowest salary
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019;Waltzetal., 2017).
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
5. WhatlevelofmeasurementistheCDSscore?Providearationaleforyouranswer.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likert scale b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp- toms on a
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression symptoms. The
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are considered to be at the interval
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
levelofmeasurement(Gray etal.,2017;Waltzetal.,2017).
b b b b b b b b b b b
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe cardiac
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
patientsin this study? Provide a rationale foryouranswer.
b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scores
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
for study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5, so
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of this result.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greater
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of the subjects were
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub- jects with depression
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, cardiac patients have more
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such as depression. Nurses need
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially those in higher NYHA classes, so they
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
mightbediagnosedand treatedasneeded.
b b b b b b b
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent (%).
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 patients
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not treated for
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
depression was 91 (106 – 15 = 91). The group percent is calculated by the following formula:
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
(group frequency ÷ total sample size) × 100%. For this study, (91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) ×
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
100% = 0.858 × 100% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
directed in the question. You could have also subtracted the 14% of patients treated with
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
antidepressants from 100% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
practice?
b
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine a
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional status score could be used to
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusofcardiacpatients.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
, Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded
b b b b b b AG 1-3 b
10. How was exercise confidence measured in thisstudy? Whatwas thelevel ofmeasurementfor the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answer: Exercise
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
confidence ofthe patients withheart failure (HF) in thisstudy wasmeasuredwiththe Exercise
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ConfidenceScalethatincludedfoursubscalesfocusedonwalking,climbing,lifting objects of graded
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewithvaluesrangingfrom0to
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
100.Thepatients’scoresfortheTotalExerciseConfidencescaleand the subscales were considered
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,suchas meansandSDs(seethestudy
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
narrative;Waltzetal., 2017).
b b b b b
