FULL REVIEW CRT/RRT (NBRC) | Questions with 100%
Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: Ascites
Answer: accumulation of fluid in the abdomen caused by LIVER FAILURE
Question: Venous distention
Answer: -occurs with CHF
-seen with obstructive patients (seen in exhalation phase)
Question: Capillary refill
Answer: -indication of peripheral circulation
-Normal < 3 seconds
Question: Jaundice skin color
Answer: -increase in bilirubin.
-mostly in face and trunk
Question: Bradypnea (oligopnea)
Answer: -decreased respiratory rate (<12bpm) variable depth and irregular rhythm
Question: Hyperpnea
Answer: -increased rate, depth, with regular rhythm
Question: Cheyne-Stokes
Answer: -gradually increasing then decreasing rate and depth in a cycle lasting from 30 -
180 secs, with apnea up to 60 secs
-increased ICP, meningitis, overdose
Question: Biots
Answer: -increased rate and depth with irregular periods of apnea
-CNS problem, head/brain injury
Question: Kussmaul's
Answer: -increased rate, depth, irregular rhythm, breathing sounds labored
-Raspy voice
Question: Apneustic
Answer: prolonged gasping inspiration followed by extremely short, insufficient expiration
-respiratory center problems, trauma, tumor
,Question: cachectic
Answer: muscle atrophy/loss of muscle tone
Question: retractions
Answer: -chest moves inward during inspiratory efforts instead of outward
-blocked airway in adults = INTUBATE
-RDS in infants
Question: Character of cough
Answer: -dry, non-productive cough may indicate tumor in the lungs or asthma
-productive cough may indicate infection
Question: evidence of difficult airway
Answer: -short receding mandible (chin)
-enlarged tongue (macroglossia)
-bull neck
-limited neck range-of-motion
Question: pulsus paradoxus
Answer: -pulse/blood pressure varies with respiration. may indicate severe air trapping
(status asthmaticus or cardiac tamponade)
Question: tactile fremitus
Answer: -vibrations felt by hand on chest wall
-vocal fremitus: voice vibrations on the chest wall
-pleural rub fremitus: grating sensation due to roughened pleural spaces
-Rhonchial fremitus(palpable rhonchi): secretions in airways
Question: Crepitus
Answer: -bubbles of air under skin that can be palpated and indicates subcutaneous
emphysema
Question: Resonant percussion
Answer: -hollow sound
-normal lungs
Question: Flat percussion
Answer: -heard over sternum, muscles, or areas of atelectasis
Question: Dull percussion
Answer: -heard over fluid-filled organs such as heart or liver (thudding)
-pleural effusion or pneumonia
,Question: Tympanic percussion
Answer: -heard over air-filled stomach.
-drum-like sound and when heard over lung = increased volume
Question: Hyperresonant
Answer: -found where pneumothorax or emphysema is present.
-booming sound
Question: vesicular breath sounds
Answer: normal sounds in lungs
Question: bronchial breath sounds
Answer: -normal sounds over airways.
-breath sounds over lungs indicate LUNG CONSOLIDATION
Question: Egophony
Answer: -patient instructed to say E and sounds like A.
-lung consolidation
Question: Bronchophony / whisphered pectoriloquy
Answer: -increased intensity or transmission of the spoken voice and indicate
CONSOLIDATION or PNEUMONIA
-increase in spoken voice = consolidation
-decrease in spoken voice = obstructon, pneumo, emphysema
Question: Rales
Answer: -crackles
-secretions/fluid
Question: Coarse rales
Answer: -rhonchi
-LARGE airway secretions
-needs suctioning
Question: medium rales
Answer: -middle airway secretions
-needs CPT
Question: Fine rales
Answer: -fluid in alveoli
-CHF, pulmonary edema
-IPPB, heart drugs, diuretics and O2
, Question: Wheeze
Answer: -due to bronchospasm
-bronchodilator Tx
-unilateral wheeze indicative of a foreign body obstruction
Question: stridor
Answer: -upper airway obstruction
-supraglottic swelling (epiglottitis) (thumb sign)
-subglottic swelling (croup, postextubation) (steeple sign)
-foreign body aspiration
-Racemic epinephrine
-intubation if MARKED stridor
-Lateral neck Xray for confirmation
Question: Pleural friction rub
Answer: -coarse grating or crunching sound
-visceral and parietal pleura rubbing together
-associated with TB, pneumonia, pulmonary infarction, cancer
-steroids and antibiotics
Question: S₁ Heart Sound
Answer: -closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of ventricular
contraction
Question: S₂ Heart Sound
Answer: -closure of pulmonic and aortic valves
-occurs when systole ends; ventricles relax
Question: S₃ Heart Sound
Answer: -abnormal and may suggest CHF
Question: S₄ Heart Sound
Answer: -abnormal and indicative of cardiac abnormality such as myocardial infarction or
cardiomegaly
Question: Heart murmurs
Answer: -sounds caused by turbulent blood flow
-heart valve defects or congenital heart abnormalities
-can occur when blood is pushed through an abnormal opening (ASD, PDA)
Verified Answers | Latest Update 2026/2027
Question: Ascites
Answer: accumulation of fluid in the abdomen caused by LIVER FAILURE
Question: Venous distention
Answer: -occurs with CHF
-seen with obstructive patients (seen in exhalation phase)
Question: Capillary refill
Answer: -indication of peripheral circulation
-Normal < 3 seconds
Question: Jaundice skin color
Answer: -increase in bilirubin.
-mostly in face and trunk
Question: Bradypnea (oligopnea)
Answer: -decreased respiratory rate (<12bpm) variable depth and irregular rhythm
Question: Hyperpnea
Answer: -increased rate, depth, with regular rhythm
Question: Cheyne-Stokes
Answer: -gradually increasing then decreasing rate and depth in a cycle lasting from 30 -
180 secs, with apnea up to 60 secs
-increased ICP, meningitis, overdose
Question: Biots
Answer: -increased rate and depth with irregular periods of apnea
-CNS problem, head/brain injury
Question: Kussmaul's
Answer: -increased rate, depth, irregular rhythm, breathing sounds labored
-Raspy voice
Question: Apneustic
Answer: prolonged gasping inspiration followed by extremely short, insufficient expiration
-respiratory center problems, trauma, tumor
,Question: cachectic
Answer: muscle atrophy/loss of muscle tone
Question: retractions
Answer: -chest moves inward during inspiratory efforts instead of outward
-blocked airway in adults = INTUBATE
-RDS in infants
Question: Character of cough
Answer: -dry, non-productive cough may indicate tumor in the lungs or asthma
-productive cough may indicate infection
Question: evidence of difficult airway
Answer: -short receding mandible (chin)
-enlarged tongue (macroglossia)
-bull neck
-limited neck range-of-motion
Question: pulsus paradoxus
Answer: -pulse/blood pressure varies with respiration. may indicate severe air trapping
(status asthmaticus or cardiac tamponade)
Question: tactile fremitus
Answer: -vibrations felt by hand on chest wall
-vocal fremitus: voice vibrations on the chest wall
-pleural rub fremitus: grating sensation due to roughened pleural spaces
-Rhonchial fremitus(palpable rhonchi): secretions in airways
Question: Crepitus
Answer: -bubbles of air under skin that can be palpated and indicates subcutaneous
emphysema
Question: Resonant percussion
Answer: -hollow sound
-normal lungs
Question: Flat percussion
Answer: -heard over sternum, muscles, or areas of atelectasis
Question: Dull percussion
Answer: -heard over fluid-filled organs such as heart or liver (thudding)
-pleural effusion or pneumonia
,Question: Tympanic percussion
Answer: -heard over air-filled stomach.
-drum-like sound and when heard over lung = increased volume
Question: Hyperresonant
Answer: -found where pneumothorax or emphysema is present.
-booming sound
Question: vesicular breath sounds
Answer: normal sounds in lungs
Question: bronchial breath sounds
Answer: -normal sounds over airways.
-breath sounds over lungs indicate LUNG CONSOLIDATION
Question: Egophony
Answer: -patient instructed to say E and sounds like A.
-lung consolidation
Question: Bronchophony / whisphered pectoriloquy
Answer: -increased intensity or transmission of the spoken voice and indicate
CONSOLIDATION or PNEUMONIA
-increase in spoken voice = consolidation
-decrease in spoken voice = obstructon, pneumo, emphysema
Question: Rales
Answer: -crackles
-secretions/fluid
Question: Coarse rales
Answer: -rhonchi
-LARGE airway secretions
-needs suctioning
Question: medium rales
Answer: -middle airway secretions
-needs CPT
Question: Fine rales
Answer: -fluid in alveoli
-CHF, pulmonary edema
-IPPB, heart drugs, diuretics and O2
, Question: Wheeze
Answer: -due to bronchospasm
-bronchodilator Tx
-unilateral wheeze indicative of a foreign body obstruction
Question: stridor
Answer: -upper airway obstruction
-supraglottic swelling (epiglottitis) (thumb sign)
-subglottic swelling (croup, postextubation) (steeple sign)
-foreign body aspiration
-Racemic epinephrine
-intubation if MARKED stridor
-Lateral neck Xray for confirmation
Question: Pleural friction rub
Answer: -coarse grating or crunching sound
-visceral and parietal pleura rubbing together
-associated with TB, pneumonia, pulmonary infarction, cancer
-steroids and antibiotics
Question: S₁ Heart Sound
Answer: -closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of ventricular
contraction
Question: S₂ Heart Sound
Answer: -closure of pulmonic and aortic valves
-occurs when systole ends; ventricles relax
Question: S₃ Heart Sound
Answer: -abnormal and may suggest CHF
Question: S₄ Heart Sound
Answer: -abnormal and indicative of cardiac abnormality such as myocardial infarction or
cardiomegaly
Question: Heart murmurs
Answer: -sounds caused by turbulent blood flow
-heart valve defects or congenital heart abnormalities
-can occur when blood is pushed through an abnormal opening (ASD, PDA)
