NURS 611 Patho Exam 2 Newest
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself
Correct Answer: Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Question 2.
how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Correct Answer: blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI
and integumentary is decreased
Question 3.
how are primary brain injuries classified
Correct Answer: focal or diffuse (aka multifocal)
Question 4.
focal brain injuries
Correct Answer: specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a
precise location Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
Question 5.
diffuse brain injuries
Correct Answer: include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis, encephalitis,
and damage to blood vessels The brain is confined in a limited space so
increased pressure can cause collateral dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH
not secreted thus polyuria)
Question 6.
autonomic hyperreflexia
Correct Answer: affected at the t5-t6 level or above; characterized by
paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred
vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal
congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia
(30-40 beats/min)
Question 7.
location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia
,Correct Answer: individual most likely to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6
level or above
Question 8.
sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia
Correct Answer: bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia Stimulation of
the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact ANS
reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure.
Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels, the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense
the HTN and stimulate the PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the visceral and
peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass
through the cord
Question 9.
Alzheimer's disease
Correct Answer: leading cause of dementia and one of the most common
causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
Question 10.
what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease
Correct Answer: age, family history
• what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease -✓✓low
calorie diets, estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical
activity, antioxidants, the presence of apoE2
Question 11.
what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD
Correct Answer: PSEN 1 (presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP
(amyloid precursor protein) on chromosome 21
Question 12.
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given
Correct Answer: postmortem examination
Question 13.
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke
Correct Answer: hypertension (87% of occurrences)
, Question 14.
what are common risk factors for stroke
Correct Answer: arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM, elevated cholesterol
or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated lipoprotein- A level,
hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD, asymptomatic
carotid stenosis, polycythemia and thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal
hormone therapy, high sodium intake above 2300mg, low potassium intake
less than 4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep
deprivation
Question 15.
which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following a bacterial/viral
infection such as respiratory or GI illness (ex: flu)
Correct Answer: Guillain-Barre syndrome
Question 16.
Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms
Correct Answer: typical first manifestations are numbness, pain, paresthesias,
or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paralysis may present in an ascending
pattern
Question 17.
when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre
Correct Answer: weakness usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week in
90% of cases
Question 18.
Myasthenia Gravis
Correct Answer: a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated by Ach
receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies
prevent normal reception for muscle contraction
Question 19.
myasthenia gravis clinical manifestations
Correct Answer: -exertional fatigue and weakness that worsens with activity,
improves with rest, and recurs with resumption of activity -a recent history of
recurring upper resp tract infections -diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies
-facial droop and an expressionless face; difficulty chewing and swallowing
associated with dietary changes and weight loss; drooling -episodes of
choking and aspiration
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
Question 1.
which system responds to stress by preparing the body to defend itself
Correct Answer: Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Question 2.
how is blood flow redistributed by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Correct Answer: blood flow to the muscles is increased while blood flow to GI
and integumentary is decreased
Question 3.
how are primary brain injuries classified
Correct Answer: focal or diffuse (aka multifocal)
Question 4.
focal brain injuries
Correct Answer: specific, grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a
precise location Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
Question 5.
diffuse brain injuries
Correct Answer: include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis, encephalitis,
and damage to blood vessels The brain is confined in a limited space so
increased pressure can cause collateral dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH
not secreted thus polyuria)
Question 6.
autonomic hyperreflexia
Correct Answer: affected at the t5-t6 level or above; characterized by
paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred
vision, sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal
congestion, nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia
(30-40 beats/min)
Question 7.
location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia
,Correct Answer: individual most likely to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6
level or above
Question 8.
sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia
Correct Answer: bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia Stimulation of
the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. The intact ANS
reflexively responds with an arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure.
Baroreceptors in the cerebral vessels, the carotid sinus, and the aorta sense
the HTN and stimulate the PNS. The heart rate decreases, but the visceral and
peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass
through the cord
Question 9.
Alzheimer's disease
Correct Answer: leading cause of dementia and one of the most common
causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
Question 10.
what are the greatest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease
Correct Answer: age, family history
• what are the proposed protective factors for Alzheimer's disease -✓✓low
calorie diets, estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical
activity, antioxidants, the presence of apoE2
Question 11.
what genetic susceptibility tests are used to screen for early-onset AD
Correct Answer: PSEN 1 (presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2, and APP
(amyloid precursor protein) on chromosome 21
Question 12.
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given
Correct Answer: postmortem examination
Question 13.
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke
Correct Answer: hypertension (87% of occurrences)
, Question 14.
what are common risk factors for stroke
Correct Answer: arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM, elevated cholesterol
or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated lipoprotein- A level,
hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD, asymptomatic
carotid stenosis, polycythemia and thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal
hormone therapy, high sodium intake above 2300mg, low potassium intake
less than 4700mg, smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep
deprivation
Question 15.
which autoimmune disease typically presents 2-4 weeks following a bacterial/viral
infection such as respiratory or GI illness (ex: flu)
Correct Answer: Guillain-Barre syndrome
Question 16.
Describe the progression of Guillain-Barre symptoms
Correct Answer: typical first manifestations are numbness, pain, paresthesias,
or weakness in the limbs. Paresis/paralysis may present in an ascending
pattern
Question 17.
when can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre
Correct Answer: weakness usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week in
90% of cases
Question 18.
Myasthenia Gravis
Correct Answer: a chronic autoimmune disease that is mediated by Ach
receptor antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction. The antibodies
prevent normal reception for muscle contraction
Question 19.
myasthenia gravis clinical manifestations
Correct Answer: -exertional fatigue and weakness that worsens with activity,
improves with rest, and recurs with resumption of activity -a recent history of
recurring upper resp tract infections -diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies
-facial droop and an expressionless face; difficulty chewing and swallowing
associated with dietary changes and weight loss; drooling -episodes of
choking and aspiration
