Bio 235 Final Exam Actual Questions and Correct Answers Updated 2026/2027

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Bio 235 Final Exam Actual Questions and
Correct Answers Updated 2026/2027
1. Intestinal phase - ANSWER begins once food enters the small intestine,
inhibitory effect that slow the exit of chyme from the stomach. This prevents
the duodenum from being overloaded with more chime than it can handle

2. Enterogastric reflex - ANSWER distension of the duodenum by the presence
of chyme causes, as a result gastric mobility is inhibited

3. Cholecystokinin and secretin - ANSWER two hormones that regulate the
intestinal phase of digestion

4. Metabolism - ANSWER all of the chemical reactions that occur in the body

5. Catabolism - ANSWER break down complex molecules into simpler ones

6. Anabolism - ANSWER combine simple molecules and monomers to form
body's complex structural and functions components

7. Exergonic - ANSWER catabolism, produce energy

8. Endergonic - ANSWER anabolism, consume energy

9. When the terminal phosphate group is split off ATP, adenosine diphosphate
(ADP) and phosphate group are formed. - ANSWER Some of the energy
released is used to drive anabolic reaction s such as the formation of
glycogen from glucose. In addition energy from complex molecules is used
in catabolic reactions to combine ADP and phosphate to resynthesize ATP.

10.Oxidation - ANSWER removal of electrons, decrease in potential energy

11.Reduction - ANSWER addition of electrons, increase in potential energy

12.Fate of glucose - ANSWER ATP production, amino acid synthesis,
glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis

13.Cellular respiration - ANSWER the oxidation of glucose to product ATP

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14.4 sets of reactions in cellular respiration - ANSWER glycolysis, formation
of acetyl coenzyme A, Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

15.Glycolysis - ANSWER Glucose = 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 HADH+H

16.Glycolysis - ANSWER does not require oxygen

17.Krebs cycle and electron transport chain - ANSWER require oxygen

18.When oxygen is at a low concentration - ANSWER pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid

19.During glycolysis - ANSWER each molecule of glucose is converted to two
molecules of pyruvic acid

20.Glycolysis results in a net gain of - ANSWER two ATP, two NADH, two
H+

21.When oxygen is plentiful, pyruvic acid - ANSWER enters mitochondria, is
converted to acetyl coenzyme A, and enters the Krebs cycle (aerobic
pathway)

22.When oxygen is scarce, pyruvic acid - ANSWER is converted to lactic acid
via an anaerobic pathway

23.Reactions of the Krebs cycle occur - ANSWER in the matrix of the
mitochondria

24.Three main results of the Krebs cycle - ANSWER production of reduced
coenzymes (NADH and FADH2), generation of GTP, formation of CO2

25.Electron transport chain - ANSWER series of electron carriers, integral
membrane proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane

26.In chemiosmosis - ANSWER ATP is produced when hydrogen ions diffuse
back into the mitochondrial matrix

27.Protein anabolism occurs - ANSWER in the ribosomes of almost every
living cell

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28.Before amino acids can be catabolized - ANSWER they must be first
converted to various substances that can enter the Krebs cycle

29.Erythrocytes contain the enzyme - ANSWER carbonic anhydrase

30.carbonic anhydrase catalyzes - ANSWER the conversion of metabolically
produced C)2 and water into carbonic acid

31.fixed phagocytic macrophages - ANSWER remove most old erythrocytes
from circulation

32.Location of fixed phagocytic macrophages - ANSWER narrow capillaries of
the spleen

33.Undifferentiated cells called pluripotent stem cells reside - ANSWER in the
bone marrow

34.pluripotent stem cells - ANSWER continuously divide and develop myeloid
stem cells and lymphoid stem cells to give rise to each of the types of blood
cells

35.emigration or diapedesis - ANSWER The process of leukocytes squeezing
through the capillary endothelium to exit the vasculature

36.agglutinins - ANSWER genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid
antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte

37.ESV - ANSWER volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been
completed

38.Increase in ESV when - ANSWER stroke volume is decreased

39.Three cations with important effect on heart function - ANSWER K+, Ca2+,
and Na+

40.Increased blood levels of NA+ - ANSWER blocks Ca2+ inflow and
decreases force of contraction

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41.between the origin and insertion which is usually located proximally in
limbs ? - ANSWER Origin

42.What happens during REVERSE MUSCLE ACTION? - ANSWER specific
movements of the body the actions are reversed THEREFOR the positions
of the origin and insertion of a muscle are switched

43.What is a mechanical advantage using the example of a lever? - ANSWER if
the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort is farther from the fulcrum
only a small about of effort is needed to move the load

44.Bones serve as levers and joints serve as ________ for the lever - ANSWER
fulcrum

45.Agonist (Prime Movers) _________ muscles while antagonist
____________ muscles - ANSWER contract, relax

46.What are muscles that contract and stabilize the intermediate joints called? -
ANSWER synergists

47.What is a group of skeletal muscles, their blood vessels, and nerves called? -
ANSWER Compartment

48.Origin an insertion of the masseter - ANSWER Origin = maxilla and
zygomatic arch
Insertion = angle and ramus of the mandible

49.What is the origin of the deltoid ? - ANSWER acromial extremity of
clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

50.What are the 3 muscles that make up the hamstring ? - ANSWER
semimebranosous, semitendinosus, biceps femoris

51.What 4 muscles make up the Quads ? - ANSWER rectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis

52.What do you call a small mass of nervous tissue that is made up primarily of
neuron cell bodies? - ANSWER Ganglia