NURS 221 EXAM 4 with Question and answer well
verified
how much of the body's water is located in the intracellular fluid - ANSWER💫✔️-2/3
how much of the body's fluid is located in the extracellular fluid - ANSWER💫✔️-1/3
what age group is at risk for fluid imbalances - ANSWER💫✔️-the old and children
what are signs and symptoms of dehydration - ANSWER💫✔️-dry skin
dry mucous membranes
no urinary output
lethargy in children (sunken eyes)
crying with no tears
what are signs and symptoms of overhyderation - ANSWER💫✔️-edema
SOB
wheezing
weight gain
what role does the posterior pituitary gland play in regulating fluid balance - ANSWER💫✔️-releases
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which increases water retention
what role does the adrenal cortex play in fluid balance - ANSWER💫✔️-regulates sodium by releasing
aldosterone
aldosterone increase Na+ and H2O retention
what receptors are responsible for sensing fluid imbalances - ANSWER💫✔️-osmoreceptors
,when a person feels thirst, what are the primary factors involved in regulation of water balance -
ANSWER💫✔️-ADH and perception of thirst
what medications can impact fluid balance - ANSWER💫✔️-OTC and herbal
prescription meds (ACEI, ARB, diuretics
what is the normal level for sodium - ANSWER💫✔️-around 136-145
what are signs and symptoms of hypernatremia - ANSWER💫✔️-confusion
irritability
lethargy
stupor
coma
muscle twitching
seizures
what are treatments for hypernatremia - ANSWER💫✔️-isotonic iv fluids until Na is normalized
diuretics to get rid of extra Na
what is the most common cause of hypernatremia - ANSWER💫✔️-deficit of total body water ie
dehydration
what are causes of hyponatremia - ANSWER💫✔️-due to excess fluiod in the body as opposed to Na
can be due to hypertonic solutions such as mannitol
high glucose
, what are signs and symptoms of hyponatremia - ANSWER💫✔️-LETHARGY
CONFUSION
coma
n/v
what is the most likely cause of hyperkalemia - ANSWER💫✔️-due to meds or renal deficiency
what are signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia - ANSWER💫✔️-WEAKNESS
ECG CHANGES
CHANGES IN PULSE
confusion
what are causes of hypokalemia - ANSWER💫✔️-inadequate intake
meds
fluid loss
intracellular shifts (changes in like the osmotic balance, she used hyperglycemia as an example)
what are signs and symptoms of hypokalemia - ANSWER💫✔️-MUSCLE WEAKNESS
polydipsia
polyuria
what are normal potassium levels - ANSWER💫✔️-3.5-5.2
what are causes of hypercalcemia - ANSWER💫✔️-parathyroid gland problems
malignancy
vit D intoxication
bone disease
renal failure
verified
how much of the body's water is located in the intracellular fluid - ANSWER💫✔️-2/3
how much of the body's fluid is located in the extracellular fluid - ANSWER💫✔️-1/3
what age group is at risk for fluid imbalances - ANSWER💫✔️-the old and children
what are signs and symptoms of dehydration - ANSWER💫✔️-dry skin
dry mucous membranes
no urinary output
lethargy in children (sunken eyes)
crying with no tears
what are signs and symptoms of overhyderation - ANSWER💫✔️-edema
SOB
wheezing
weight gain
what role does the posterior pituitary gland play in regulating fluid balance - ANSWER💫✔️-releases
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which increases water retention
what role does the adrenal cortex play in fluid balance - ANSWER💫✔️-regulates sodium by releasing
aldosterone
aldosterone increase Na+ and H2O retention
what receptors are responsible for sensing fluid imbalances - ANSWER💫✔️-osmoreceptors
,when a person feels thirst, what are the primary factors involved in regulation of water balance -
ANSWER💫✔️-ADH and perception of thirst
what medications can impact fluid balance - ANSWER💫✔️-OTC and herbal
prescription meds (ACEI, ARB, diuretics
what is the normal level for sodium - ANSWER💫✔️-around 136-145
what are signs and symptoms of hypernatremia - ANSWER💫✔️-confusion
irritability
lethargy
stupor
coma
muscle twitching
seizures
what are treatments for hypernatremia - ANSWER💫✔️-isotonic iv fluids until Na is normalized
diuretics to get rid of extra Na
what is the most common cause of hypernatremia - ANSWER💫✔️-deficit of total body water ie
dehydration
what are causes of hyponatremia - ANSWER💫✔️-due to excess fluiod in the body as opposed to Na
can be due to hypertonic solutions such as mannitol
high glucose
, what are signs and symptoms of hyponatremia - ANSWER💫✔️-LETHARGY
CONFUSION
coma
n/v
what is the most likely cause of hyperkalemia - ANSWER💫✔️-due to meds or renal deficiency
what are signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia - ANSWER💫✔️-WEAKNESS
ECG CHANGES
CHANGES IN PULSE
confusion
what are causes of hypokalemia - ANSWER💫✔️-inadequate intake
meds
fluid loss
intracellular shifts (changes in like the osmotic balance, she used hyperglycemia as an example)
what are signs and symptoms of hypokalemia - ANSWER💫✔️-MUSCLE WEAKNESS
polydipsia
polyuria
what are normal potassium levels - ANSWER💫✔️-3.5-5.2
what are causes of hypercalcemia - ANSWER💫✔️-parathyroid gland problems
malignancy
vit D intoxication
bone disease
renal failure
