NR507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
1. Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological mechanism behind Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Downregulation of insulin receptors in adipose tissue
B. Peripheral tissue resistance to insulin action
C. Excessive secretion of glucagon by alpha cells
D. T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by the autoimmune
destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, primarily mediated by T-
lymphocytes.
2. A patient with Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) is most likely to
exhibit which electrolyte abnormality?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Dilutional hyponatremia
,C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH involves excessive ADH secretion, leading to water
retention and a subsequent dilution of serum sodium levels.
3. Which clinical manifestation is highly specific to Graves’ disease and differentiates it from
other forms of hyperthyroidism?
A. Tachycardia
B. Heat intolerance
C. Exophthalmos
D. Weight loss
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) is caused by autoimmune-
mediated inflammation of the extraocular muscles and orbital fat, specific to Graves’
disease.
4. In the development of Cushing’s Syndrome, what is the primary cause of the ‘buffalo
hump’ and ‘moon face’?
A. Excessive protein synthesis in the trunk
B. Increased water retention due to ADH
, C. Redistribution of adipose tissue due to hypercortisolism
D. Accumulation of interstitial fluid
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: High levels of cortisol promote lipogenesis in the trunk and face
while promoting lipolysis in the extremities.
5. Which type of renal calculi is most commonly associated with urea-splitting bacteria like
Proteus mirabilis?
A. Calcium oxalate stones
B. Cystine stones
C. Uric acid stones
D. Struvite stones
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Struvite stones (magnesium ammonium phosphate) form in
alkaline urine produced by bacteria that possess the enzyme urease.
6. Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is most frequently caused by which of the following?
A. Acute tubular necrosis
B. Obstruction of the ureters
C. Decreased renal perfusion
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS |
100% CORRECT | GRADE A+
1. Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological mechanism behind Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus?
A. Downregulation of insulin receptors in adipose tissue
B. Peripheral tissue resistance to insulin action
C. Excessive secretion of glucagon by alpha cells
D. T-cell mediated autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by the autoimmune
destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, primarily mediated by T-
lymphocytes.
2. A patient with Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) is most likely to
exhibit which electrolyte abnormality?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Dilutional hyponatremia
,C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypomagnesemia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH involves excessive ADH secretion, leading to water
retention and a subsequent dilution of serum sodium levels.
3. Which clinical manifestation is highly specific to Graves’ disease and differentiates it from
other forms of hyperthyroidism?
A. Tachycardia
B. Heat intolerance
C. Exophthalmos
D. Weight loss
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Exophthalmos (bulging eyes) is caused by autoimmune-
mediated inflammation of the extraocular muscles and orbital fat, specific to Graves’
disease.
4. In the development of Cushing’s Syndrome, what is the primary cause of the ‘buffalo
hump’ and ‘moon face’?
A. Excessive protein synthesis in the trunk
B. Increased water retention due to ADH
, C. Redistribution of adipose tissue due to hypercortisolism
D. Accumulation of interstitial fluid
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: High levels of cortisol promote lipogenesis in the trunk and face
while promoting lipolysis in the extremities.
5. Which type of renal calculi is most commonly associated with urea-splitting bacteria like
Proteus mirabilis?
A. Calcium oxalate stones
B. Cystine stones
C. Uric acid stones
D. Struvite stones
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Struvite stones (magnesium ammonium phosphate) form in
alkaline urine produced by bacteria that possess the enzyme urease.
6. Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is most frequently caused by which of the following?
A. Acute tubular necrosis
B. Obstruction of the ureters
C. Decreased renal perfusion
