Messerli BIOL325 Exam 2 Questions with
Verified Correct Answers
Charge carriers in humans are
Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and other electrolytes
Nernst Equation @ 37 degrees C
V = (61.5mV/z) log ((ion inside) / (ion outside))
V = voltage
z = valance of an ion
The K+ equilibrium potential is
-90.8mV
The Na+ equilibrium potential is
+61.5mV
More positive charge is called
depolarization
More negative charge is called
hyperpolarization
Goldman-Hodgkin-Kats equation is used to calculate
final membrane potential
Goldman-Hodgkin-Kats equation
Vm = ((gK)(VK) + (gNa)(VNa)) / ((gK +gNa))
g = relative conductance (ease of crossing the membrane
gK = K+
gNa = Na+
The ions found in higher concentrations inside the cell are
K+ and A- (protein anions)
,The ions found in higher concentrations outside the cell are
Na+, Ca2+,Cl-
The ions with positive equilibrium potential are
Na+ and Ca2+
The ions with negative equilibrium potential are
Cl- and K+
Plasma membrane depolarization causes a rise in systolic Ca2+, which leads to
1. exocytosis of neurotransmitters
2. exocytosis of Amino acid based hormones
3. contraction of all types of muscle
A membrane can depolarize by
1. Opening Na+ channels
2. Opening Ca2+ channels
3. Closing K+ channels
Resting membrane potential is
-70mV inside the cell
The sodium potassium pump pushes 2 __ inside of the cell and 3 __ outside, making the
inside of the cell more ___
K+, Na+, negative
K+ is most permeable in
resting cells
The endocrine system is
1. slow and long lasting
2. involuntary
3. Hormones (cells are very far apart) are transported in blood and lymph vessels
The nervous system is
1. rapid
2. voluntary and involuntary
3. Neurotransmitters (close, cell to cell)
, Chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them are
Autocrine
Chemicals released by cells that effect other nearby cells are
Paracrine
Secretion into the blood for signaling with cells far away are
Endocrine
Secretion into the external environment through a duct is
Exocrine
The two types of hormones are
1. Amino acid based = hydrophilic
2. Steroids = hydrophobic
Amino acid hormones can use cAMP signaling. The 5 steps of this are
1. a hormone binds to a receptor
2. Receptor activates a G protein
3. G protein activates adenyl cyclase
4. Adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
5. cAMP activates protein kinases
The 5 steps of Steroid Hormone signaling are
1. The steroid hormone diffuses through the membrane and binds to intracellular receptor (can
be cytosolic or nuclear)
2. The receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
3. The receptor-hormone complex binds to a specific DNA region
4. Binding initiates transcription into mRNA
5. The mRNA directs protein synthesis
Amino acid based hormones
1. stored in secretory vesicles
2. soluble in plasma
3. have cell surface receptors
Steroid hormones
Verified Correct Answers
Charge carriers in humans are
Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, and other electrolytes
Nernst Equation @ 37 degrees C
V = (61.5mV/z) log ((ion inside) / (ion outside))
V = voltage
z = valance of an ion
The K+ equilibrium potential is
-90.8mV
The Na+ equilibrium potential is
+61.5mV
More positive charge is called
depolarization
More negative charge is called
hyperpolarization
Goldman-Hodgkin-Kats equation is used to calculate
final membrane potential
Goldman-Hodgkin-Kats equation
Vm = ((gK)(VK) + (gNa)(VNa)) / ((gK +gNa))
g = relative conductance (ease of crossing the membrane
gK = K+
gNa = Na+
The ions found in higher concentrations inside the cell are
K+ and A- (protein anions)
,The ions found in higher concentrations outside the cell are
Na+, Ca2+,Cl-
The ions with positive equilibrium potential are
Na+ and Ca2+
The ions with negative equilibrium potential are
Cl- and K+
Plasma membrane depolarization causes a rise in systolic Ca2+, which leads to
1. exocytosis of neurotransmitters
2. exocytosis of Amino acid based hormones
3. contraction of all types of muscle
A membrane can depolarize by
1. Opening Na+ channels
2. Opening Ca2+ channels
3. Closing K+ channels
Resting membrane potential is
-70mV inside the cell
The sodium potassium pump pushes 2 __ inside of the cell and 3 __ outside, making the
inside of the cell more ___
K+, Na+, negative
K+ is most permeable in
resting cells
The endocrine system is
1. slow and long lasting
2. involuntary
3. Hormones (cells are very far apart) are transported in blood and lymph vessels
The nervous system is
1. rapid
2. voluntary and involuntary
3. Neurotransmitters (close, cell to cell)
, Chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them are
Autocrine
Chemicals released by cells that effect other nearby cells are
Paracrine
Secretion into the blood for signaling with cells far away are
Endocrine
Secretion into the external environment through a duct is
Exocrine
The two types of hormones are
1. Amino acid based = hydrophilic
2. Steroids = hydrophobic
Amino acid hormones can use cAMP signaling. The 5 steps of this are
1. a hormone binds to a receptor
2. Receptor activates a G protein
3. G protein activates adenyl cyclase
4. Adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
5. cAMP activates protein kinases
The 5 steps of Steroid Hormone signaling are
1. The steroid hormone diffuses through the membrane and binds to intracellular receptor (can
be cytosolic or nuclear)
2. The receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
3. The receptor-hormone complex binds to a specific DNA region
4. Binding initiates transcription into mRNA
5. The mRNA directs protein synthesis
Amino acid based hormones
1. stored in secretory vesicles
2. soluble in plasma
3. have cell surface receptors
Steroid hormones
