NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions With Correct Answers
what imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid a. increase serum calcium levels
hormone (PTH)?
a. increase serum calcium levels
b. decreased serum magnesium levels
c. decreased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone
d. increased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone
Regulation of the release of insulin is an example of which c. neural
type of regulation?
a. negative feedback
b. positive feedback
c. neural
d. physiologic
A student asks the professor how a faulty negative- d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.
feedback mechanism results in a hormonal imbalance.
What response by the professor is best?
a. Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular
and tissue activities.
b. Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising
hormone levels.
c. Too little hormone production is initiated.
d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to
turn off the system.
Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone? d. Insulin
a. Thyroxine
b. Aldosterone
c. Follicle-stimulating hormone
d. Insulin
Which of these is a lipid-soluble hormone? a. Cortisol
a. Cortisol
b. Oxytocin
c. Epinephrine
d. Growth hormone
Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream b. Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
and are what?
a. Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
b. Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
c. Bound to a water soluble-binding protein
d. Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry
When insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an d. Direct
increase in glucose uptake by the muscle cells is the
result. This is an example of what type of effect by a
hormone?
a. Pharmacologic
b. Permissive
c. Synergistic
d. Direct
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate b. Negative feedback
thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels
of TH are adequate. What is this an example of?
a. Positive feedback
b. Negative feedback
c. Neural regulation
d. Physiologic regulation
A patient wants to know if eating only plant-based foods is c. " no, since many hormones are made from cholesterol"
advisable as a way to cut cholesterol to near-zero levels.
What response by the health care professional is best?
a. " no, you will become extremely malnourished"
b. " yes, that is effective way to eliminate cholesterol"
c. " no, since many hormones are made from cholesterol"
d. " yes, that will increase the action of insulin"
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, NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions With Correct Answers
Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine d. cyclic adenosine monophosphate
binding to a β-adrenergic receptor?
a. calcium
b. inositol triphosphate
c. diacylglycerol
d. cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Why is the control of calcium in cells important? c. It acts as a second messenger.
a. It is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b. It is continuously synthesized.
c. It acts as a second messenger.
d. It carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.
What is the portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin? a. Posterior
a. Posterior
b. Inferior
c. Anterior
d. Superior
A patient is in severe shock and is receiving vasopressin. A d. "Antidiuretic hormone causes vasoconstriction to help increase blood pressure."
student asks the health care professional to explain the
rationale for this treatment. What response by the
professional is most accurate?
a. "Antidiuretic hormone conserves fluid when urine output
is less than 20 mL/hr."
b. "Antidiuretic hormone causes serum osmolality to be
increased."
c. "Antidiuretic hormone leads to better insulin utilization."
d. "Antidiuretic hormone causes vasoconstriction to help
increase blood pressure."
What is the target tissue for prolactin-releasing factor? b. Anterior pituitary
a. Hypothalamus
b. Anterior pituitary
c. Mammary glands
d. Posterior pituitary
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
where does it act?
a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
b. Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts
c. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle
Where is oxytocin synthesized? a. Hypothalamus
a. Hypothalamus
b. Paraventricular nuclei
c. Anterior pituitary
d. Posterior pituitary
How do the releasing hormones that are made in the d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels
hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary?
a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata
b. Infundibular process
c. Pituitary stalk
d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels
To ensure optimal thyroid health and function, which c. Iodide
mineral does the health care professional advise a
nutrition class to include in the daily diet?
a. Iron
b. Zinc
c. Iodide
d. Copper
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, NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions With Correct Answers
what hormone triggers uterine contractions? b. oxytocin
a. thyroxine
b. oxytocin
c. growth hormone
d. insulin
What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on b. Decreases serum calcium.
other electrolytes?
a. Increases serum calcium.
b. Decreases serum calcium.
c. Decreases serum magnesium.
d. Increases serum magnesium.
A diabetic patient has not taken insulin in several days and a. Potassium
has an extremely high blood sugar. What electrolyte would
the health care professional assess as the priority?
a. Potassium
b. Calcium
c. Sodium
d. Chloride
A person who has experienced physiologic stresses will a. cortisol
have increased levels of which hormone?
a. cortisol
b. thyroid hormone
c. somatostatin
d. alpha endorphin
What is the action of calcitonin? d. Decreases serum calcium
a. Increases metabolism
b. Decreases metabolism
c. Increases serum calcium
d. Decreases serum calcium
Which hormone is involved in the regulation of serum a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
calcium levels?
a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
b. Thyroxine (T4)
c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
d. Triiodothyronine (T3)
Which hormone inhibits the secretion of growth hormone a. Somatostatin
(GH)?
a. Somatostatin
b. Thyroxine
c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Calcitonin
Where are target cells for parathyroid hormone located? a. Tubules of nephrons
a. Tubules of nephrons
b. Thyroid gland
c. Glomeruli of nephrons
d. Smooth and skeletal muscles
which compound or hormone is secreted by the adrenal b. epinephrine
medulla?
a. cortisol
b. epinephrine
c. androgens
d. aldosterone
what are the effects of aging on pancreatic cells? c. beta cell function decreases
a. pancreatic cells are replaced by fibrotic cells
b. increased insulin production is typical
c. beta cell function decreases
d. no appreciable changes occurs on pancreatic cells
Stuvia 2026-2027 | Latest Version
, NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions With Correct Answers
what does aldosterone directly increase the reabsorption c. sodium
of?
a. magnesium
b. calcium
c. sodium
d. water
which is an expected hormonal change in an older patient? a. thyroid-stimulating hormone below normal
a. thyroid-stimulating hormone below normal
b. triiodothyronine level below normal
c. cortisol level below normal
d. adrenocorticotropic hormone level above normal
What are actions of glucocorticoids? (Select all that apply.) a. Decreasing muscle cell reuptake of glucose
a. Decreasing muscle cell reuptake of glucose d. Carbohydrate metabolism
b. Fat storage e. Liver gluconeogenesis
c. Decreased blood glucose
d. Carbohydrate metabolism
e. Liver gluconeogenesis
. The effects of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic c. Sodium dilution and water retention
hormone (SIADH) secretion include which solute?
a. Sodium and water retention
b. Sodium retention and water loss
c. Sodium dilution and water retention
d. Sodium dilution and water loss
Which patient would the healthcare professional assess for a. Being treated for small cell carcinoma of the stomach
elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion?
a. Being treated for small cell carcinoma of the stomach
b. Taking high dose acetaminophen (Tylenol) for arthritis
c. Had a hip replacement operation 14 days ago
d. Has long-standing kidney disease from diabetes
Which laboratory value would the nurse expect to find if a c. Serum sodium (Na+) level of 120 mEq/L and serum hypoosmolality
person is experiencing syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?
a. Hypernatremia and urine hypoosmolality
b. Serum potassium (K+) level of 5 mEq/L and urine
hyperosmolality
c. Serum sodium (Na+) level of 120 mEq/L and serum
hypoosmolality
d.Hypokalemia and serum hyperosmolality
What is diabetes insipidus a result of? a. Antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion
a. Antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion
b. Antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion
c. Insulin hyposecretion
d. Insulin hypersecretion
A patient who is diagnosed with a closed head injury has a a. Administration of desmopressin
urine output of 6 to 8 L/day. Electrolytes are within normal
limits, but the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level is low.
Although the patient has had no intake for 4 hours, no
change in the polyuria level has occurred. What treatment
or diagnostic testing does the healthcare professional
prepare the patient for?
a. Administration of desmopressin
b. Serum copeptin testing
c. Insulin administration
d. Renal angiogram
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what imbalance lessens the rate of secretion of parathyroid a. increase serum calcium levels
hormone (PTH)?
a. increase serum calcium levels
b. decreased serum magnesium levels
c. decreased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone
d. increased levels of thyroid stimulating hormone
Regulation of the release of insulin is an example of which c. neural
type of regulation?
a. negative feedback
b. positive feedback
c. neural
d. physiologic
A student asks the professor how a faulty negative- d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.
feedback mechanism results in a hormonal imbalance.
What response by the professor is best?
a. Hormones are not synthesized in response to cellular
and tissue activities.
b. Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising
hormone levels.
c. Too little hormone production is initiated.
d. Excessive hormone production results from a failure to
turn off the system.
Which substance is a water-soluble protein hormone? d. Insulin
a. Thyroxine
b. Aldosterone
c. Follicle-stimulating hormone
d. Insulin
Which of these is a lipid-soluble hormone? a. Cortisol
a. Cortisol
b. Oxytocin
c. Epinephrine
d. Growth hormone
Most protein hormones are transported in the bloodstream b. Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
and are what?
a. Bound to a lipid-soluble carrier
b. Free in an unbound, water-soluble form
c. Bound to a water soluble-binding protein
d. Free because of their lipid-soluble chemistry
When insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an d. Direct
increase in glucose uptake by the muscle cells is the
result. This is an example of what type of effect by a
hormone?
a. Pharmacologic
b. Permissive
c. Synergistic
d. Direct
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate b. Negative feedback
thyroid hormone (TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels
of TH are adequate. What is this an example of?
a. Positive feedback
b. Negative feedback
c. Neural regulation
d. Physiologic regulation
A patient wants to know if eating only plant-based foods is c. " no, since many hormones are made from cholesterol"
advisable as a way to cut cholesterol to near-zero levels.
What response by the health care professional is best?
a. " no, you will become extremely malnourished"
b. " yes, that is effective way to eliminate cholesterol"
c. " no, since many hormones are made from cholesterol"
d. " yes, that will increase the action of insulin"
Stuvia 2026-2027 | Latest Version
, NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions With Correct Answers
Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine d. cyclic adenosine monophosphate
binding to a β-adrenergic receptor?
a. calcium
b. inositol triphosphate
c. diacylglycerol
d. cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Why is the control of calcium in cells important? c. It acts as a second messenger.
a. It is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.
b. It is continuously synthesized.
c. It acts as a second messenger.
d. It carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream.
What is the portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin? a. Posterior
a. Posterior
b. Inferior
c. Anterior
d. Superior
A patient is in severe shock and is receiving vasopressin. A d. "Antidiuretic hormone causes vasoconstriction to help increase blood pressure."
student asks the health care professional to explain the
rationale for this treatment. What response by the
professional is most accurate?
a. "Antidiuretic hormone conserves fluid when urine output
is less than 20 mL/hr."
b. "Antidiuretic hormone causes serum osmolality to be
increased."
c. "Antidiuretic hormone leads to better insulin utilization."
d. "Antidiuretic hormone causes vasoconstriction to help
increase blood pressure."
What is the target tissue for prolactin-releasing factor? b. Anterior pituitary
a. Hypothalamus
b. Anterior pituitary
c. Mammary glands
d. Posterior pituitary
Where is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) synthesized, and a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
where does it act?
a. Hypothalamus; renal tubular cells
b. Renal tubules; renal collecting ducts
c. Anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
d. Posterior pituitary; loop of Henle
Where is oxytocin synthesized? a. Hypothalamus
a. Hypothalamus
b. Paraventricular nuclei
c. Anterior pituitary
d. Posterior pituitary
How do the releasing hormones that are made in the d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels
hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary?
a. Vessels of the zona fasciculata
b. Infundibular process
c. Pituitary stalk
d. Portal hypophyseal blood vessels
To ensure optimal thyroid health and function, which c. Iodide
mineral does the health care professional advise a
nutrition class to include in the daily diet?
a. Iron
b. Zinc
c. Iodide
d. Copper
Stuvia 2026-2027 | Latest Version
, NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions With Correct Answers
what hormone triggers uterine contractions? b. oxytocin
a. thyroxine
b. oxytocin
c. growth hormone
d. insulin
What effect does hyperphosphatemia have on b. Decreases serum calcium.
other electrolytes?
a. Increases serum calcium.
b. Decreases serum calcium.
c. Decreases serum magnesium.
d. Increases serum magnesium.
A diabetic patient has not taken insulin in several days and a. Potassium
has an extremely high blood sugar. What electrolyte would
the health care professional assess as the priority?
a. Potassium
b. Calcium
c. Sodium
d. Chloride
A person who has experienced physiologic stresses will a. cortisol
have increased levels of which hormone?
a. cortisol
b. thyroid hormone
c. somatostatin
d. alpha endorphin
What is the action of calcitonin? d. Decreases serum calcium
a. Increases metabolism
b. Decreases metabolism
c. Increases serum calcium
d. Decreases serum calcium
Which hormone is involved in the regulation of serum a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
calcium levels?
a. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
b. Thyroxine (T4)
c. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
d. Triiodothyronine (T3)
Which hormone inhibits the secretion of growth hormone a. Somatostatin
(GH)?
a. Somatostatin
b. Thyroxine
c. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. Calcitonin
Where are target cells for parathyroid hormone located? a. Tubules of nephrons
a. Tubules of nephrons
b. Thyroid gland
c. Glomeruli of nephrons
d. Smooth and skeletal muscles
which compound or hormone is secreted by the adrenal b. epinephrine
medulla?
a. cortisol
b. epinephrine
c. androgens
d. aldosterone
what are the effects of aging on pancreatic cells? c. beta cell function decreases
a. pancreatic cells are replaced by fibrotic cells
b. increased insulin production is typical
c. beta cell function decreases
d. no appreciable changes occurs on pancreatic cells
Stuvia 2026-2027 | Latest Version
, NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Questions With Correct Answers
what does aldosterone directly increase the reabsorption c. sodium
of?
a. magnesium
b. calcium
c. sodium
d. water
which is an expected hormonal change in an older patient? a. thyroid-stimulating hormone below normal
a. thyroid-stimulating hormone below normal
b. triiodothyronine level below normal
c. cortisol level below normal
d. adrenocorticotropic hormone level above normal
What are actions of glucocorticoids? (Select all that apply.) a. Decreasing muscle cell reuptake of glucose
a. Decreasing muscle cell reuptake of glucose d. Carbohydrate metabolism
b. Fat storage e. Liver gluconeogenesis
c. Decreased blood glucose
d. Carbohydrate metabolism
e. Liver gluconeogenesis
. The effects of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic c. Sodium dilution and water retention
hormone (SIADH) secretion include which solute?
a. Sodium and water retention
b. Sodium retention and water loss
c. Sodium dilution and water retention
d. Sodium dilution and water loss
Which patient would the healthcare professional assess for a. Being treated for small cell carcinoma of the stomach
elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion?
a. Being treated for small cell carcinoma of the stomach
b. Taking high dose acetaminophen (Tylenol) for arthritis
c. Had a hip replacement operation 14 days ago
d. Has long-standing kidney disease from diabetes
Which laboratory value would the nurse expect to find if a c. Serum sodium (Na+) level of 120 mEq/L and serum hypoosmolality
person is experiencing syndrome of inappropriate
antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?
a. Hypernatremia and urine hypoosmolality
b. Serum potassium (K+) level of 5 mEq/L and urine
hyperosmolality
c. Serum sodium (Na+) level of 120 mEq/L and serum
hypoosmolality
d.Hypokalemia and serum hyperosmolality
What is diabetes insipidus a result of? a. Antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion
a. Antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion
b. Antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion
c. Insulin hyposecretion
d. Insulin hypersecretion
A patient who is diagnosed with a closed head injury has a a. Administration of desmopressin
urine output of 6 to 8 L/day. Electrolytes are within normal
limits, but the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level is low.
Although the patient has had no intake for 4 hours, no
change in the polyuria level has occurred. What treatment
or diagnostic testing does the healthcare professional
prepare the patient for?
a. Administration of desmopressin
b. Serum copeptin testing
c. Insulin administration
d. Renal angiogram
Stuvia 2026-2027 | Latest Version
