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Phenomenology - Focuses on understanding people’s lived experiences of a phenomenon
Case Study - In-depth exploration of a single case (person, group, event, or situation)
within real-life context
Grounded Theory - Generates theory from the data itself rather than testing an existing theory
Ethnography - Studies cultural groups in their natural setting, focusing on shared values,
norms, and behaviors
Directional Hypothesis - Predicts not only a relationship between variables but also the specific
direction (e.g., "Group A will score higher than Group B")
Exploration - Early stage of research, seeking to discover or clarify a problem or
phenomenon
Empiricism - Knowledge comes from direct observation or experience
Research Rigor - The strictness and consistency in applying scientific methods to ensure
trustworthy results
Replication - Repeating a study to see if results are consistent, strengthening reliability
Evidence-Based Practice - Integrating the best available research evidence, clinical expertise, and
patient values in decision-making
Likert Scale - A common survey scale where respondents indicate level of agreement or
frequency (e.g., strongly disagree → strongly agree)
Continuous Variable - Can take any value within a range (e.g., weight, blood pressure)
Dichotomous Variable - Only has two possible categories (e.g., yes/no, male/female)