Final exam practice test from course hero guide Questions and Answers

Final exam practice test from course hero guide Questions and Answers The region known as the macula densa is part of? A. the proximal convoluted tubule B. the distal convoluted tubule C. the collecting duct D. the ascending loop of Henle E. Bowman's capsule E. Bowmans capsule The cells of the macular densa and the Juxtagolomerular cells form that? a. Renal corpuscle b. filtration membrane c. loop of henles d. Juxtaglomerular apparatus e. efferent artioles D. Juxtaglomerular apparatus A glomerulus is? a. the expanded end of a nephron b. a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle c. the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle d. the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct e. the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron B. A knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. 1. afferent arteriole 2. arcuate artery 3. interlobar artery 4. renal artery 5. glomerulus 6. interlobular artery 7. efferent arteriole 8. peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is? A. 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8 B. 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8 C. 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8 D. 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8 E. 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8 B. 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8 The process of filtration is driven by A. active transport B. blood osmotic pressure C. blood hydrostatic pressure D. renal pumping C. blood hydrostatic pressure The mechanisms for maintaining the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla require A. active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle B. active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the vasa recta C. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to be permeable to water D. the vasa recta to be impermeable to water E. both A and B A. Active transport of sodium and chloride ions form the ascending limb of the loop of henle Which of the following is greater? a. the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the loop of Henle b. the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the descending limb of the loop of Henle B. The concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the descending lim of the loop of henle The antidiuretic hormone a. increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water b. is secreted in response to low concentrations of potassium ions in the extracellular fluid. c. causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of relatively solute-free urine d. helps regulate the concentration of potasium ion in the interstitial space e. is sensitive to changes in the blood concentrations of both sodium and potassium a. increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water In the loop of Henle A. water is secreted into the descending limb B. sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb C. the ascending limb is very permeable to water D. the filtrate in the descending limb becomes more and more hypotonic E. filtrate is produced B. Sodium and Chloride ions are activly transported out of the asecnding limb Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism most? a. ADH b. aldosterone c.ANP d. BNP e. natriuretic peptide A. ADH All of the following are components of ECF, except A. cerebral spinal fluid B. peritoneal fluid C. lymph D. aqueous humor E. plasma D. Aqueous humor Which hormone plays a role in determining the rate of sodium absorption and potassium loss? A. ADH B. aldosterone C. ANP D. BNP E. natriuretic peptide B. Aldosterone You are caring for a patient who has been vomiting and having diarrhea for the past five days. You suspect that his electrolyte levels are a. normal b. elevated c. the same as upon admission d. decreased e. noncritical D. Decreases Which hormone affects the osmotic concentration of urine without affecting any ion levels? A. ADH B. aldosterone C. ANP D. BNP E. natriuretic peptide A. ADH The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of A. calcium ions B. chlorine ions C. potassium ions D. sodium ions E. magnesium ions D. Sodium Ions The higher the plasma concentration of aldosterone, the more efficiently the kidney will A. conserve sodium ions B. retain potassium ions C. stimulate urinary water loss D. secrete greater amounts of ADH E. all of the above A. Converse sodium ions Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by A. stimulating thirst B. causing the release of ADH C. triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone D. A and B E. A, B, and C E. A,B, and C Renal failure can result in A. decreased urea B. hyponatremia C. hyperkalemia D. hypokalemia E. none of the above C. Hyperkalemia Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in A. blood vessels B. lymph C. the cells of the body D. the interstitial space E. the cerebrospinal fluid C. The cells of the body The principal cation in intracellular fluid is A. sodium B. potassium C. calcium D. magnesium E. chloride B. Potassium When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained A. the osmolarity of the ECF falls B. osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF C. both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute D. there is an increase in the volume of the ICF E. both A and D B. Osmosis moves water from ICF to the ECF Consuming a meal high in salt will A. drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood B. result in a temporary increase in blood volume C. decrease thirst D. cause hypotension E. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism B. Result in temporary increase in blood volume Aldosterone A. is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood B. promotes sodium retention in the kidneys C. helps decrease blood volume D. increases the concentration of sodium in urine E. functions in pH regulation B. Promotes sodium retention in the kidneys When the level of sodium ion in extracellular fluid decreases, A. osmoreceptors are stimulated B. a person experiences an increased thirst C. more ADH is released D. there is an increase in the level of aldosterone E. there is an increase in the level of atrial natriuretic factor D. There is an increase in the level of aldosterone Excess potassium ion is eliminated from the body by A. sweating B. the kidneys C. the liver D. the digestive system E. the spleen B. The kidneys The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by A. ADH B. aldosterone C. parathormone D. atrial natriuretic factor E. cortisol B. Aldosterone Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone A. calcitonin B. calcitriol C. aldosterone D. cortisol E. ADH B. Calcitriol Each of the following statements concerning chloride ions is true, except that A. chloride ions are the most abundant anions in the ECF B. chloride ion concentrations in the ICF are usually low C. chloride ions are absorbed along the digestive tract in the company of sodium ions D. large amounts of chloride ions are lost each day in the urine E. chloride ions are lost in perspiration C. Chloride ions are absorbed along the digestive tract in the company of sodium ions The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to A. buffer stomach acid B. buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide C. prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids D. buffer the urine E. increase the amount of carbonic acid during ventilation C. prevent pH changes causes by organic and fixed acids Acidosis can cause all of the following, except and death b. peripheral vasoconstriction c. cardiac arrhythmias d. heart failure e. It can cause all of the above E. It can causes all of the above Hypoventilation would cause A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis A. Respiratory Acidosis Hyperventilation would cause? A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis B. respiratory alkalosis In response to respiratory alkalosis, the A. respiratory rate increases B. tidal volume increases C. kidneys conserve bicarbonate D. kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions E. body retains more carbon dioxide E. Body retains more carbon dioxide Prolonged vomiting can result in A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis D. metabolic alkalosis A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis A. Respiratory acidosis A person with chronic diabetes will exhibit signs of A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis A person who chronically consumes large amounts of antacids to settle an upset stomach may risk A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis D. Metabolic Alkalosis To survive, humans must maintain a normal volume and composition of A. ECF B. body fluids C. ICF D. plasma E. all of the above E. All of the above A _____ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere A. fixed B. organic C. volatile D. level E. short C. Volatile The reproductive system A. produces gametes B. stores and transports gametes C. nourishes gametes D. A and B only E. all of the above E. All of the above Projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septae, divide the testis into A. seminiferous tubules B. straight tubules C. lobules D. interstitial areas E. the tunica albuginea and the testis proper C. Lobules Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the A. epididymis B. ductus deferens C. rete testis D. efferent ducts E. ejaculatory ducts C. Rete Testis The spermatic cord is A. a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis B. a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis. C. a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity D. the external marking of the boundary between the two chambers of the scrotum. E. a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac. B. A bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves, and lympahatics that serve the testis Interstitial cells produce A. sperm B. inhibin C. nutrients D. androgens E. androgen-binding protein. D. Androgens The sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules do all of the following, except that they A. maintain the blood-testis barrier B. support spermiogenesis C. secrete inhibin D. secrete testosterone E. secrete androgen-binding protein D. Secrete Testosterone Sperm production occurs in the A. ductus deferens B. seminiferous tubules C. epididymis D. seminal vesicles E. rete testis B. Seminiferous Tubules Sperm develop from stem cells called A. spermatogonia B. primary spermatocytes C. secondary spermatocytes D. spermatids E. spermatozoa A. spermatognonia As developing sperm cells begin the process of meiosis, they become A. spermatogonia B. spermatocytes C. spermatids D. spermatozoons E. Sertoli cells B. Spermatocytes The cells that are formed at the end of meiosis are called A. spermatogonia B. primary spermatocytes C. secondary spermatocytes D. spermatids E. spermatozoa E. Spermatozoa Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by A. hydrostatic force B. ciliary action C. peristaltic contractions D. suction E. segmental movements C. peristaltic contractions The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract. 1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. seminal vescicle The order in which sperm pass through these structures from the testes to the penis is A. 1, 3, 4, 2 B. 4, 3, 1, 2. C. 4, 1, 2, 3 D. 4, 1, 3, 2. E. 1, 4, 3, 2 E. 1, 4, 3, 2 The structure that carries sperm from the seminal vesicle to the urethra is the A. ductus deferens B. epididymis C. seminal vesicle D. ejaculatory duct E. corpus cavernosum D. Ejaculatory duct The tubular structure that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen is the A.prostate gland B. bulbourethral gland C. seminal vesicle D. corpus cavernosum E. preputial gland B. Bulbourethral Gland The structure that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the A. seminal vesicle B. bulbourethral gland C. prostate gland D. preputial gland E. Bartholin's gland C. Prostate Gland Seminal fluid contains all of the following, except A. spermatozoons B. seminal fluid C. prostaglandins D. fructose E. enzymes A. Spermatozoons The male organ of copulation is the A. urethra B. ejaculatory duct C. penis D. corpus cavernosum E. corpus spongiosum C. Penis The portion of the penis that surrounds the external urethral meatus is the A. prepuce B. glans C. corpus spongiosum D. corpus cavernosum E. corona glandis B. Glans The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the A. membranous urethra B. penile urethra C. glans penis D. corpus spongiosum E. corpus cavernosum D. Corpus spongiosum The role of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone in males is to A. stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone B. stimulate the sustentacular cells to produce inhibin C. initiate sperm production in the testes D. develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics E. influence sexual behaviors and sex drive C. Initiate sperm production in the testes