MICR 3230 Exam Pre Questions with
Actual Detailed Answers 2026/2027 Set.
What is immunity? - Answer Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or
substances (antigens)
Herd immunity is - Answer vaccination or protection of a critical mass of people through
vaccination or recovery from infection
-serves as a buffer for everyone else
Humoral immunity combats pathogens via ___ - Answer antibodies
Antibodies are produced by ___ cells - Answer B
Cell-mediated immunity involves primarily ___ - Answer T-cells
T- cells can ___ (3) - Answer eradicate pathogens, clear infected self-cells or aid other cells in
inducing immunity
Humoral and cell-mediated immunity rely on ___ - Answer surface receptors (B and T cell
receptors)
B cells that encounter an antigen produce ____ - Answer antibody specific to the antigen
T-cell receptors bind antigens or specific peptides presented by ___ - Answer antigen
presenting cells
Antibodies are found in ___ - Answer serum
Pathogens fall into four major categories - Answer 1. Viruses
2. Bacteria
3. Fungi
4. Parasites
,Microbe vs pathogen? - Answer A microbe doesn't have to cause disease whereas a pathogen
is a microbe that is able to cause disease
Pathogen recognition - Answer interaction between foreign organism and recognition
molecule expressed by host cells
Ligands (antigens) include... - Answer whole pathogens, antigenic fragments of pathogens, or
products secreted by foreign organisms
What is the outcome of ligand binding? - Answer Extra or intracellular cascade of events
leading to labeling + destruction of pathogen (immune response)
cells that recognize and kill or engulf pathogen = - Answer cellular immunity
soluble proteins for labeling and destruction of invaders = - Answer humoral immunity
___ are encoded in genomic DNA and always expressed. They bind to ____ - Answer PRRs,
bind to PAMPs
PAMP - Answer a generic molecule found on many different types of pathogens, a piece of
pathogen being recognized by the immune system
Individual B and T cells each have an individual specificity for ___ - Answer a single antigen
Clonal selection - Answer when a B or T cell interacts with its specific antigen, it is selected and
becomes activated- activation results in proliferation, producing a large # of clones
Tolerance (deletion) - Answer ensures that the immune system avoids destroying host tissue
(self-non-self discrimination)
Self-tolerance prohibits _____ to host tissue maintained through elimination or inhibition of
cells - Answer immune response
Two interconnected systems of vertebrate immune systems? - Answer innate and adaptive
Major components of innate immune system - Answer Barriers, phagocytes, pattern
recognition, receptors
, Major components of adaptive immune system - Answer T and B lymphocytes, antigen-
specific receptors, antibodies
The innate immune response uses ___ recognition molecules (encoded on genome) - Answer
inherited
The innate immune response uses ___ cells - Answer phagocytic
Adaptive immune responses include ____ and ____ responses using ___ and ____ cells
respectively - Answer humoral and cell mediated, B and T cells
Innate and adaptive immunity work ____ - Answer cooperatively
Activation of innate immune responses produces ____ - Answer signal molecules (e.g.
cytokines and chemokines)- these molecules stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses
_____ is NOT present in innate immunity - Answer memory
Two broad categories of immunity dysfunction? - Answer -Overly active or misdirected
immune responses
-Immunodeficiency
Microbiome - Answer commensal organisms that live in and on us that cause no harm
(symbiosis)
Homeostasis - Answer metabolic and immune balance
Dysbiosis leads to __ - Answer immune overstimulation resulting in inflammation (can be
caused by dietary changes or environmental factors like stress)
___ cells have the ability to differentiate into many types of blood cells - Answer
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Hematopoeisis - Answer a highly regulated process in which HSCs differentiate into mature
blood cells
Primary lymphoid organs include (2) - Answer Bone marrow and thymus (sites where immune
cells develop from immature precursors)
Actual Detailed Answers 2026/2027 Set.
What is immunity? - Answer Immunity is the state of protection against foreign pathogens or
substances (antigens)
Herd immunity is - Answer vaccination or protection of a critical mass of people through
vaccination or recovery from infection
-serves as a buffer for everyone else
Humoral immunity combats pathogens via ___ - Answer antibodies
Antibodies are produced by ___ cells - Answer B
Cell-mediated immunity involves primarily ___ - Answer T-cells
T- cells can ___ (3) - Answer eradicate pathogens, clear infected self-cells or aid other cells in
inducing immunity
Humoral and cell-mediated immunity rely on ___ - Answer surface receptors (B and T cell
receptors)
B cells that encounter an antigen produce ____ - Answer antibody specific to the antigen
T-cell receptors bind antigens or specific peptides presented by ___ - Answer antigen
presenting cells
Antibodies are found in ___ - Answer serum
Pathogens fall into four major categories - Answer 1. Viruses
2. Bacteria
3. Fungi
4. Parasites
,Microbe vs pathogen? - Answer A microbe doesn't have to cause disease whereas a pathogen
is a microbe that is able to cause disease
Pathogen recognition - Answer interaction between foreign organism and recognition
molecule expressed by host cells
Ligands (antigens) include... - Answer whole pathogens, antigenic fragments of pathogens, or
products secreted by foreign organisms
What is the outcome of ligand binding? - Answer Extra or intracellular cascade of events
leading to labeling + destruction of pathogen (immune response)
cells that recognize and kill or engulf pathogen = - Answer cellular immunity
soluble proteins for labeling and destruction of invaders = - Answer humoral immunity
___ are encoded in genomic DNA and always expressed. They bind to ____ - Answer PRRs,
bind to PAMPs
PAMP - Answer a generic molecule found on many different types of pathogens, a piece of
pathogen being recognized by the immune system
Individual B and T cells each have an individual specificity for ___ - Answer a single antigen
Clonal selection - Answer when a B or T cell interacts with its specific antigen, it is selected and
becomes activated- activation results in proliferation, producing a large # of clones
Tolerance (deletion) - Answer ensures that the immune system avoids destroying host tissue
(self-non-self discrimination)
Self-tolerance prohibits _____ to host tissue maintained through elimination or inhibition of
cells - Answer immune response
Two interconnected systems of vertebrate immune systems? - Answer innate and adaptive
Major components of innate immune system - Answer Barriers, phagocytes, pattern
recognition, receptors
, Major components of adaptive immune system - Answer T and B lymphocytes, antigen-
specific receptors, antibodies
The innate immune response uses ___ recognition molecules (encoded on genome) - Answer
inherited
The innate immune response uses ___ cells - Answer phagocytic
Adaptive immune responses include ____ and ____ responses using ___ and ____ cells
respectively - Answer humoral and cell mediated, B and T cells
Innate and adaptive immunity work ____ - Answer cooperatively
Activation of innate immune responses produces ____ - Answer signal molecules (e.g.
cytokines and chemokines)- these molecules stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses
_____ is NOT present in innate immunity - Answer memory
Two broad categories of immunity dysfunction? - Answer -Overly active or misdirected
immune responses
-Immunodeficiency
Microbiome - Answer commensal organisms that live in and on us that cause no harm
(symbiosis)
Homeostasis - Answer metabolic and immune balance
Dysbiosis leads to __ - Answer immune overstimulation resulting in inflammation (can be
caused by dietary changes or environmental factors like stress)
___ cells have the ability to differentiate into many types of blood cells - Answer
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Hematopoeisis - Answer a highly regulated process in which HSCs differentiate into mature
blood cells
Primary lymphoid organs include (2) - Answer Bone marrow and thymus (sites where immune
cells develop from immature precursors)
