BIOL 1202 REVIEW SHEET for EXAM 1 covering CH 29, 30, 19, 32
FALL 2024
CH 29: Plant Diversity I
1. What organisms are responsible for the MOST oxygen in our atmosphere?
- Marine microbes (50%), land plants (25%), and macro algae (25%)
a. Oxygen accounts for what % of the gases in the atmosphere
- About 21%
b. What other gases are in the atmosphere?
- Small amounts of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and noble gases
c. What species of plant produces them MOST oxygen?
- Snake Plant
2. What traits do the plants share with the charophytes?
- Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, structure of flagellated sperm, and formation of a
phragmoplast
3. What are some of the adaptations that plants had that allowed them to move to land?
- Sporopollenin prevented the plant spore wall from drying out.
4. What are the benefits/challenges of moving from water to land?
- Benefits: unfiltered sunlight, more plentiful carbon dioxide, and nutrient rich soil
- Challenges: A scarcity of water and lack if structural support against gravity
5. What are the 5 key traits that appear in nearly all plants but are absent in the charophytes?
a. Alternation of generations
- Plants alternate between two multicellular generations, a reproductive cycle called alternation
of generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid (N) and produces haploid gametes by
mitosis. Fusion of a sperm and egg gives rise to the diploid sporophyte (2N), which produces
haploid spores by meiosis. Spores develop into gametophytes
b. Multicellular, dependent embryos
- The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte. Nutrients are
transferred from parent to embryo through placental transfer cell. Plants are called
embryophytes because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent
c. Walled spores produced in sporangia
- The sporophyte produces spores in organs called sporangia. Diploid cells called sporocytes
undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores. Spore walls contain sporopollenin, which makes
them resistant to harsh environments
d. Multicellular gametangia
- Gametes are produced within Gametangia. Female gametangia, called archegonia, produce a
single non-motile egg. Male gametangia, called antheridia, produce and release sperm. Each
egg is fertilized withing archegonium
e. Apical meristems
- Plants sustain continual growth in length by repeated cell division withing the apical
meristems. Cells from the apical meristems differentiate into various tissues
6. Describe the stages for ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
- Stage 1: Haploid Gametophyte stage: Produces gametes through mitosis
- Stage 2: Diploid Sporophyte phase: Begins with the fusion of gametes to form a zygote.
Produces spores via meiosis, which develop into new gametophytes.
7. What processes/structures control the movement of water in & out of the plant tissue?
- Xylem vascular tubes helps transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots up. But the
process of diffusion and osmosis is what completely moves the water out.
8. Give examples of and describe the characteristics of the SEEDLESS VASCULAR plants.
- Divided into 2 clades; reproduce by spores, thrive in moist environments. Have vascular
, tissue to hep transport water and nutrients
- Lycophytes: club mosses and their relatives
- Monophyte: ferns and their relatives
9. Give examples of and describe the characteristics of the SEEDED VASCULAR plants.
- Can form a clade and be divided into further clades
- Gymnosperms: “naked seed” produced sees that are not enclosed in chambers
- Angiosperms: “enclosed seed” produce seeds that develop inside chambers that originate
within flowers
10. What does it mean by the term “DOMINANT FORM”?
- Larger and loner-living
CH 30: Plant Diversity II
1. What is a seed?
- Consist of embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
2. What characteristics are common to all seed plants? Why are they important?
- 1. Reduced gametophytes
o gametophytes are microscopic
o arrangement protects the developing gametophyte from environmental stress and
enables it to obtain nutrient from the sporophyte
- 2. Heterospory
o Homosporous plants produce one kind of spore, which usually produces a bisexual
gametophyte (ex. Ferns)
o Heterosporous plants produce two types of spores (male and female) (ex. seed plants)
- 3. Ovaries
o ovule consists of megasporangium, megaspore and one protective integument
o gymnosperm = one integument
o angiosperm = 2 integuments
- 3. Pollen
3. What are the advantages/disadvantages of spores vs. seeds?
- Seeds provide some evolutionary advantages over spores
1. They may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for
germination
2. They have a supply of stored food
3. They may be transported long distances by wind or animals
- Spores provide for quick reproduction environments but that’s all.
4. What are some of the characteristics of the GYMNOSPERMS?
- Means “naked seeds”
- Reproductive structure of a cone shape
- Dominated terrestrial ecosystems
- Served as food for herbivore dinosaurs
5. What is unusual about pine pollen grains?
- Their shape takes after the aerodynamics of a female
- one of the largest pollen grains, they are also resilient, winged, allergy-causing, and versatile.
6. What are the 4 gymnosperm phyla and examples of each one?
- Cycadophyta: cycads, large coumpound leaves that are pollinated by beetles
- Ginkgophyta: one living species left, the Ginkgo biloba tree
- Gnetophyta: three gerera; Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia
- Coniferophyta: conifers, such as pine trees, fir trees, and redwood
FALL 2024
CH 29: Plant Diversity I
1. What organisms are responsible for the MOST oxygen in our atmosphere?
- Marine microbes (50%), land plants (25%), and macro algae (25%)
a. Oxygen accounts for what % of the gases in the atmosphere
- About 21%
b. What other gases are in the atmosphere?
- Small amounts of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and noble gases
c. What species of plant produces them MOST oxygen?
- Snake Plant
2. What traits do the plants share with the charophytes?
- Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, structure of flagellated sperm, and formation of a
phragmoplast
3. What are some of the adaptations that plants had that allowed them to move to land?
- Sporopollenin prevented the plant spore wall from drying out.
4. What are the benefits/challenges of moving from water to land?
- Benefits: unfiltered sunlight, more plentiful carbon dioxide, and nutrient rich soil
- Challenges: A scarcity of water and lack if structural support against gravity
5. What are the 5 key traits that appear in nearly all plants but are absent in the charophytes?
a. Alternation of generations
- Plants alternate between two multicellular generations, a reproductive cycle called alternation
of generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid (N) and produces haploid gametes by
mitosis. Fusion of a sperm and egg gives rise to the diploid sporophyte (2N), which produces
haploid spores by meiosis. Spores develop into gametophytes
b. Multicellular, dependent embryos
- The diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the female gametophyte. Nutrients are
transferred from parent to embryo through placental transfer cell. Plants are called
embryophytes because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent
c. Walled spores produced in sporangia
- The sporophyte produces spores in organs called sporangia. Diploid cells called sporocytes
undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores. Spore walls contain sporopollenin, which makes
them resistant to harsh environments
d. Multicellular gametangia
- Gametes are produced within Gametangia. Female gametangia, called archegonia, produce a
single non-motile egg. Male gametangia, called antheridia, produce and release sperm. Each
egg is fertilized withing archegonium
e. Apical meristems
- Plants sustain continual growth in length by repeated cell division withing the apical
meristems. Cells from the apical meristems differentiate into various tissues
6. Describe the stages for ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS
- Stage 1: Haploid Gametophyte stage: Produces gametes through mitosis
- Stage 2: Diploid Sporophyte phase: Begins with the fusion of gametes to form a zygote.
Produces spores via meiosis, which develop into new gametophytes.
7. What processes/structures control the movement of water in & out of the plant tissue?
- Xylem vascular tubes helps transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots up. But the
process of diffusion and osmosis is what completely moves the water out.
8. Give examples of and describe the characteristics of the SEEDLESS VASCULAR plants.
- Divided into 2 clades; reproduce by spores, thrive in moist environments. Have vascular
, tissue to hep transport water and nutrients
- Lycophytes: club mosses and their relatives
- Monophyte: ferns and their relatives
9. Give examples of and describe the characteristics of the SEEDED VASCULAR plants.
- Can form a clade and be divided into further clades
- Gymnosperms: “naked seed” produced sees that are not enclosed in chambers
- Angiosperms: “enclosed seed” produce seeds that develop inside chambers that originate
within flowers
10. What does it mean by the term “DOMINANT FORM”?
- Larger and loner-living
CH 30: Plant Diversity II
1. What is a seed?
- Consist of embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
2. What characteristics are common to all seed plants? Why are they important?
- 1. Reduced gametophytes
o gametophytes are microscopic
o arrangement protects the developing gametophyte from environmental stress and
enables it to obtain nutrient from the sporophyte
- 2. Heterospory
o Homosporous plants produce one kind of spore, which usually produces a bisexual
gametophyte (ex. Ferns)
o Heterosporous plants produce two types of spores (male and female) (ex. seed plants)
- 3. Ovaries
o ovule consists of megasporangium, megaspore and one protective integument
o gymnosperm = one integument
o angiosperm = 2 integuments
- 3. Pollen
3. What are the advantages/disadvantages of spores vs. seeds?
- Seeds provide some evolutionary advantages over spores
1. They may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for
germination
2. They have a supply of stored food
3. They may be transported long distances by wind or animals
- Spores provide for quick reproduction environments but that’s all.
4. What are some of the characteristics of the GYMNOSPERMS?
- Means “naked seeds”
- Reproductive structure of a cone shape
- Dominated terrestrial ecosystems
- Served as food for herbivore dinosaurs
5. What is unusual about pine pollen grains?
- Their shape takes after the aerodynamics of a female
- one of the largest pollen grains, they are also resilient, winged, allergy-causing, and versatile.
6. What are the 4 gymnosperm phyla and examples of each one?
- Cycadophyta: cycads, large coumpound leaves that are pollinated by beetles
- Ginkgophyta: one living species left, the Ginkgo biloba tree
- Gnetophyta: three gerera; Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia
- Coniferophyta: conifers, such as pine trees, fir trees, and redwood
