NURS 6100 Pathophysiology Module 1a Questions and Answers

NURS 6100 Pathophysiology Module 1a Questions and Answers A patient's BP drops to 70/44 mm Hg and he experiences cool clammy skin, nausea, and a decreased urinary output. What physiologic mechanism is responsible for these symptoms? Increased capillary permeability Decreased blood flow to nonvital organs Increased blood flow to nonvital organs Movement of water from interstitial space into the vascular space Decreased blood flow to nonvital organs An 80 year old female is undergoing stress related to the decision whether to get have a hip replacement. Which endocrine organs would the RN expect to be involved in the stress response? Select All That Apply. Hypothalamus Parathyroid Glands Adrenal Glands Pituitary Glands Hypothalamus Parathyroid Glands Adrenal Glands A nursing student is referred to the Student Health for physical symptoms for test anxiety. What are the recommendations of the Student Health RN? Select All That Apply. Get regular exercise Get enough sleep Stay up all night before the exam Take over the counter stimulants to increase concentration levels Know your study material well by keeping up with your assignments Get regular exercise Get enough sleep Know your study material well by keeping up with your assignments A 20 year old exhibits agitation, sweaty palms, and a racing heart immediately before taking an exam. What is the physiologic explanation for these symptoms? Release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex Release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla Activation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system Release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla Which of the following represents examples of how chronic irritation leads to metaplasia? Select All That Apply. Smoking leads to metaplasia in the bronchi Physiologic changes of pregnancy lead to metaplasia in the uterus and breasts Chronic GERD leads to metaplasia in the esophagus Hypertension can lead to metaplasia in the left ventricle Smoking leads to metaplasia in the bronchi Chronic GERD leads to metaplasia in the esophagus A decrease in the size of a tissue organ resulting from a decrease in cell size of the individual cells or the number of cells Atrophy Increases in the umber of cells in the breast and the uterus during pregnancy are examples of physiologic hyperplasia True False True A 56 year old woman has suffered from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) for many years due to chronic irritation from acid reflux. During a recent hospitalization for an exacerbation, she has found to have developed a. change of cell indicative of "Barrett's esophagus?" Which cellular adaptation has occurred? Physiologic hypertrophy Pathologic atrophy Pathologic metaplasia Physiologic dysplasia Pathologic metaplasia Which statement is true regarding cellular injury? All cellular injury progress to cellular death. Dystrophic calcification is a type of cellular injury which is usually not reversible. Cellular adaptation usually leads to irreversible cellular injury. Hyperplasia is a type of cellular adaptation which is usually irreversible. Dystrophic calcification is a type of cellular injury which is usually not reversible. Which of the following statements are true about dystrophic calcification? Select All That Apply. Dystrophic calcification is a type of abnormal deposition of calcium salts. Dystrophic calcification commonly occurs in the lungs, renal tubules, and blood vessels. Dystrophic calcification will cause an elevation of the serum calcium level. Dystrophic calcification can lead to aortic stenosis when found in the aortic valve. Dystrophic calcification affects previously damaged tissue. Dystrophic calcification is a type of abnormal deposition of calcium salts. Dystrophic calcification can lead to aortic stenosis when found in the aortic valve. Dystrophic calcification affects previously damaged tissue. What is the name of processed cell death in which the body removes and replaces cells? Nauseous Necrosis Dry Gangrene Liquefactive Necrosis Apoptosis Apoptosis Which signs would the nurse expect to find in a patient with end stage colon cancer? Select All That Apply. Weight Loss Pain Hypocalcemia Hyper-coagulable State Weight Loss Pain Hyper-coagulable State Which is a true statement about the staging of tumors? A benign is classified as Stage IV tumor. Cancers that have metastasized are classified as a Stage 1 tumor. Staging describes the cellular characteristics of the tumor. Staging identifies the extent of the clinical spread of the tumor. Staging identifies the extent of the clinical spread of the tumor. A public health nurse has cited a reduction in cancer risk among the many benefits of maintaining a healthy body-mass index. Which of the following facts underlies the relationship between obesity and cancer? Obesity can cause inflammation and hormonal changes that are associated with cancer. Obesity puts extra strain on joints which can lead to bone cancer. Increased cardiac workload and tissue hypoxia can interfere with normal cell differentiation Increased numbers of body cells increase the statistical chances of neoplastic cell changes Obesity can cause inflammation and hormonal changes that are associated with cancer. How do cancer cells differ from normal cells? Select all that apply. Normal cells have regulated growth. Cancer cells have unregulated growth Normal cells have genetic stability. Cancer cells do not. Normal cells have an unlimited lifespan. Cancer cells have a limited lifespan. Normal cells divide by mitosis. Cancer cells divide by meiosis. Normal cells have regulated growth. Cancer cells have unregulated growth Normal cells have genetic stability. Cancer cells do not. A patient with renal carcinoma is diagnosed with bone metastasis. How would the nurse explain to the patient what is meant by metastasis? Cancer cells proliferate rapidly, causing increased pressure and decreased circulation to the bones Erytfiropoietin stimulates the transfer of the kidney cancer cells to the bo Kidney cancer is always associated with multiple myeloma, a cancer of the bone marrow. Kidney cancer cells break loose and are carried through the bloodstream to the bone: where a secondary tumor forms. Kidney cancer cells break loose and are carried through the bloodstream to the bone: where a secondary tumor forms. Which is a statement about cancer? Cancer is the leading cause of death in the US. Some cancers are considered curable. Most cancers are due to hereditary factors. The most common cancer is pancreatic cancer. Some cancers are considered curable. Which is a true statement about oncogenesis? Proto-oncogenes code for abnormal proteins involved in the regulation of cell division. Tumor suppressor genes and DNA repair genes act to prevent DNA mutation. Oncogenes prevent cell mutation and therefore prevent malignancy from occurring The first stage of oncogenesis is called "promotion" Tumor suppressor genes and DNA repair genes act to prevent DNA mutation. An increase in cell size as well as increase in the amount of the functioning tissue mass Hypertrophy A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type. Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue above what is normal Dysplasia Characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in precancerous cells that vary in size, shape, and growth Metaplasia Thirst, poor skin turgor, hypotension, dark concentrated urine, and a weak, rapid pulse are clinical signs of which fluid volume disorder? Diabetes Insipidus Hypovalemia Hypervolemia Hyponatremia Hypovalemia A hypotonic solution will have which effect on cell size? Cell will shrink Cell will swell. Cell size will not be affected. Cell will swell. Inadequate levels of antidiuretic hormone are seen in which process? Diabetes mellitus Diabetes insipidus Syndrome of inappropriate ADH Congestive heart failure Diabetes insipidus Which sensory neurons promote thirst when stimulated Osmoreceptors Baroreceptors Thermoreceptors Chemoreceptors Osmoreceptors A patient is admitted with a serum potassium level of 6.2 mEq/L. What is priority nursing assessment? Monitoring of heart rhythm Monitoring of serum calcium levels Monitoring of serum albumin levels Monitoring of urinary output Monitoring of heart rhythm A nurse uses finger pressure to determine swelling in the lower extremities of a patient with heart failure. What would the nurse document that the patient has "pitting edema"? When the area is firm and discolored When the skin is thick and hardened When an indentation remains after the finger is removed When the area turns white when compressed When an indentation remains after the finger is removed Hydrostatic pressure is the pushing force exerted by fluid in the capillaries. When hydrostatic pressure is high, it can result in fluid moving from the capillaries into the interstitium causing swelling. True False True A patient is admitted with excessive diarrhea and vomiting. BP is 70/40 mmHG and the urinary output is very concentrated and less than 30 ml/hour. The nurse would expect which of the following priority orders? Hang one unit of packed red blood cells Send the patient to have a diagnostic endoscopic exam Begin an IV infusion of normal saline (0.9% NaCl) Administer a dose of oral anti0nausea medicine Begin an IV infusion of normal saline (0.9% NaCl) What is the most serious complication of hyponatremia? Weight loss Peripheral edema Seizures Blood clots Seizures Normal Serum Value: Calcium 8.5-10.5 Normal Serum Value: Potassium 3.5-5.0 Normal Serum Value: Magnesium 1.8-2.7 Normal Serum Value: Sodium 135-145 Lab values for a newly admitted patient are reported to the nurse. Which serum value represents a patient care priority? Sodium 135 Potassium 6.7 Magnesium 2.5 Calcium 8.6 Potassium 6.7 Which of these three types of edema are the most immediately life-threatning? Pulmonary: liver and renal Pulmonary: laryngeal and cerebral Cardiac: renal and peripheral Pulmonary: bowel and real Pulmonary: liver and renal PKU Autosomal Recessive Disorder Marfan's Syndrome Autosomal Dominant Disorder Cleft lip and Palate Multifactorial Inheritance Disorder Which disorder is an example of a congenital multifactorial disorder? Neurofibromatosis Cleft lip PKU Klinefelter Syndrome Cleft lip A female patient has had genetic testing and has been found to have 45 chromosomes with only one X chromosome. The second X chromosome was absent. What genetic disorder does this describe? Cri du Chat syndrome Down's syndrome Turner syndrome Fragile X syndrome Turner syndrome What is the main cause of gene mutations within the DNA? Mitosis with 23 haploid chromosomes in the germ cells Base pair subs, deletions or insertions within the DNA Inherited autosomal cell alterations within the DNA Mitosis with end result of 23 chromosomes pairs in the autosomal cell Base pair subs, deletions or insertions within the DNA The nurse is preparing a teaching brochure for families with a genetic history of Marfan Syndrome. Which statement should the nurse include? If one parent had the disease, there is a 50% chance of transmitting the disorder to each offspring. There is a 50% chance of transmitting the disease to male offspring. The gene for Marfan Syndrome is a sex-linked recessive gene and can only be passed on by the mother. Both parents must have the gene for Marfan Syndrome in order for any offspring to inherit the disease. If one parent had the disease, there is a 50% chance of transmitting the disorder to each offspring After genetic testing, a child is diagnosed with the Tay-Sachs disease. The parents ask the nurse how their child could have the disease when neither parent has it. Which statement provides the most appropriate response? The mother passed the x-linked recessive trait to the child. The father passed the Y-linked recessive trait to the child. Both parents must carry the recessive gene and pass it on to the child. Tay-Sachs is a multifactorial genetic problem. Both parents must carry the recessive gene and pass it on to the child. Hyperkalemia Heart is tight and contracted. Hypotension Excessive Bowel. Diarrhea Muscle Weakness/Heaviness Hypokalemia Heart is low and slow. Hypertension. Constipation. Paralyzed Intestines.