Pharmacology ExamPharmacology
2 Objectives 2026_2027
Exam 2 Objectives
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Recall the physiology of lipid transport between the liver, intestine, and the tissues.
1. Dietary TGs & cholesterol are absorbed in the intestine and packaged into
chylomicrons/ULDLs
2. Chylomicrons deliver TGs to skeletal muscle & heart for energy, and adipose tissue for
storage
- After the majority of TGs have been removed → chylomicron remnants get taken up by the
liver to deliver dietary cholesterol
- The remnants get absorbed into the liver via ApoE, where they can deliver cholesterol and
free fatty acids
3. The liver then uses the free fatty acids and glucose to form VLDL, which it then secretes
along with HDL
- VLDL is rich in TGs and delivers TGs to peripheral tissues
a) Once in the bloodstream, VLDL gets broken down on capillary endothelium via LPL to
convert TGs into free fatty acids that the tissues can then take up
b) As VLDL gets broken down → IDL → then LDL, which carries cholesterol to tissues
- HDL picks up cholesterol from peripheral tissues and blood vessels and carries it back to
the liver via reverse cholesterol transport, where it can then be recycled or excreted
4. Intestine → chylomicron → tissues → chylomicron remnants → liver
Page 2 of 149 Page 2 PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives
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- Liver → VLDL → IDL → LDL → tissues
- Tissues → HDL → liver
Page 3 of 149 Page 3 PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives
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Describe the roles of LDL and HDL in lipid delivery, & their impact on hyperlipidemia and
atherosclerosis.
1. LDL → delivers to tissues and blood vessels FROM liver
- Carries cholesterol from the liver toward peripheral tissues
- Excess LDL-C means more cholesterol circulating toward and accumulating in vessel walls
- Considered atherogenic
2. HDL → returns to liver FROM blood vessels
- Removes cholesterol from peripheral tissues and blood vessels and returns it to the liver
- Considered protective
3. Hyperlipidemia → elevations in any lipoproteins → promotes atherosclerosis
- Hyperlipidemia → lipid accumulation in arterial walls → plaque formation →
atherosclerosis
Too much cholesterol + other lipids in transit to blood/vessels is pathological, whereas lipid
being taken from blood vessels to liver is protective
Proteins carry the lipid
1. Lipids are not sluble in plasma
2. Proteins bind to receptors on cells to facilitate
Page 4 of 149 Page 4 PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives
2 Objectives 2026_2027
Exam 2 Objectives
Latest Update
2026_2027
_ Verified
Latest
Questions
Update _&Verified
AnswersQuestions
Study Guide.pdf
& Answers Study Guide.pdf 1 of 149
Pharmacology Exam 2 Objectives
2026/2027 Latest Update | Verified
Questions & Answers Study Guide
Page 1 of 149 Pharmacology Exam 2 Objectives
Page 1 2026_2027 Latest Update _ Verified Questions & Answers Study Guide
,PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives.pdf PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives.pdf 2 of 149
Recall the physiology of lipid transport between the liver, intestine, and the tissues.
1. Dietary TGs & cholesterol are absorbed in the intestine and packaged into
chylomicrons/ULDLs
2. Chylomicrons deliver TGs to skeletal muscle & heart for energy, and adipose tissue for
storage
- After the majority of TGs have been removed → chylomicron remnants get taken up by the
liver to deliver dietary cholesterol
- The remnants get absorbed into the liver via ApoE, where they can deliver cholesterol and
free fatty acids
3. The liver then uses the free fatty acids and glucose to form VLDL, which it then secretes
along with HDL
- VLDL is rich in TGs and delivers TGs to peripheral tissues
a) Once in the bloodstream, VLDL gets broken down on capillary endothelium via LPL to
convert TGs into free fatty acids that the tissues can then take up
b) As VLDL gets broken down → IDL → then LDL, which carries cholesterol to tissues
- HDL picks up cholesterol from peripheral tissues and blood vessels and carries it back to
the liver via reverse cholesterol transport, where it can then be recycled or excreted
4. Intestine → chylomicron → tissues → chylomicron remnants → liver
Page 2 of 149 Page 2 PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives
,PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives.pdf PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives.pdf 3 of 149
- Liver → VLDL → IDL → LDL → tissues
- Tissues → HDL → liver
Page 3 of 149 Page 3 PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives
, PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives.pdf PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives.pdf 4 of 149
Describe the roles of LDL and HDL in lipid delivery, & their impact on hyperlipidemia and
atherosclerosis.
1. LDL → delivers to tissues and blood vessels FROM liver
- Carries cholesterol from the liver toward peripheral tissues
- Excess LDL-C means more cholesterol circulating toward and accumulating in vessel walls
- Considered atherogenic
2. HDL → returns to liver FROM blood vessels
- Removes cholesterol from peripheral tissues and blood vessels and returns it to the liver
- Considered protective
3. Hyperlipidemia → elevations in any lipoproteins → promotes atherosclerosis
- Hyperlipidemia → lipid accumulation in arterial walls → plaque formation →
atherosclerosis
Too much cholesterol + other lipids in transit to blood/vessels is pathological, whereas lipid
being taken from blood vessels to liver is protective
Proteins carry the lipid
1. Lipids are not sluble in plasma
2. Proteins bind to receptors on cells to facilitate
Page 4 of 149 Page 4 PharmaCOLOGY_ Exam 2 Objectives
