ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT |GRADE A –
CHAMBERLAIN
1. A clinician is examining a patient with a history of smoking. A biopsy of the bronchial lining
reveals that normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells. Which cellular adaptation is this?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often less differentiated, cell type to withstand adverse environmental
conditions, such as smoking.
2. Which statement best describes the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
A. Necrosis is programmed cell death, while apoptosis is accidental.
B. Apoptosis involves inflammatory changes, while necrosis does not.
,C. Necrosis involves cell swelling and lysis, while apoptosis involves cell shrinkage and
fragmentation.
D. Apoptosis is always pathological, while necrosis is always physiological.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Necrosis is characterized by cellular swelling, rupture of
membranes, and inflammation, whereas apoptosis is programmed cell death involving cell
shrinkage and fragmentation into apoptotic bodies without inflammation.
3. A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. The lung tissue shows a soft, granular,
‘cheese-like’ appearance during autopsy. This is an example of which type of necrosis?
A. Caseous necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Fat necrosis
D. Coagulative necrosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Caseous necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis infections in
the lungs, combining elements of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, resulting in a
crumbly, cheese-like appearance.
4. During ischemia, what is the primary cause of cellular swelling?
A. Failure of the ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pump
, B. Activation of the sodium-potassium pump
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Decreased intracellular osmotic pressure
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Ischemia leads to reduced ATP production. Without ATP, the
Na+/K+ pump fails, causing sodium to accumulate inside the cell, which draws water in by
osmosis, leading to swelling.
5. Free radicals cause cellular injury by which of the following mechanisms?
A. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
B. Increasing intracellular alkalinity
C. Lipid peroxidation and membrane damage
D. Promoting DNA methylation
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Free radicals are highly reactive and cause damage through lipid
peroxidation (destroying polyunsaturated lipids), protein alteration, and DNA damage.
6. Which genetic condition is characterized by a karyotype of 47, XXY?
A. Down Syndrome
B. Turner Syndrome
EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
ANSWERS| 100% CORRECT |GRADE A –
CHAMBERLAIN
1. A clinician is examining a patient with a history of smoking. A biopsy of the bronchial lining
reveals that normal ciliated columnar epithelial cells have been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelial cells. Which cellular adaptation is this?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another, often less differentiated, cell type to withstand adverse environmental
conditions, such as smoking.
2. Which statement best describes the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
A. Necrosis is programmed cell death, while apoptosis is accidental.
B. Apoptosis involves inflammatory changes, while necrosis does not.
,C. Necrosis involves cell swelling and lysis, while apoptosis involves cell shrinkage and
fragmentation.
D. Apoptosis is always pathological, while necrosis is always physiological.
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Necrosis is characterized by cellular swelling, rupture of
membranes, and inflammation, whereas apoptosis is programmed cell death involving cell
shrinkage and fragmentation into apoptotic bodies without inflammation.
3. A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. The lung tissue shows a soft, granular,
‘cheese-like’ appearance during autopsy. This is an example of which type of necrosis?
A. Caseous necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Fat necrosis
D. Coagulative necrosis
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Caseous necrosis is characteristic of tuberculosis infections in
the lungs, combining elements of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, resulting in a
crumbly, cheese-like appearance.
4. During ischemia, what is the primary cause of cellular swelling?
A. Failure of the ATP-dependent sodium-potassium pump
, B. Activation of the sodium-potassium pump
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Decreased intracellular osmotic pressure
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Ischemia leads to reduced ATP production. Without ATP, the
Na+/K+ pump fails, causing sodium to accumulate inside the cell, which draws water in by
osmosis, leading to swelling.
5. Free radicals cause cellular injury by which of the following mechanisms?
A. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
B. Increasing intracellular alkalinity
C. Lipid peroxidation and membrane damage
D. Promoting DNA methylation
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Free radicals are highly reactive and cause damage through lipid
peroxidation (destroying polyunsaturated lipids), protein alteration, and DNA damage.
6. Which genetic condition is characterized by a karyotype of 47, XXY?
A. Down Syndrome
B. Turner Syndrome
