NBME CBSE LATEST UPDATED EXAM
2026/2027 ALL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Terms in this set (1757)
Type II pneumocytes surfactant (lecithin)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Polio live v killed vaccine Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
Neonatal Respiratory Distress: Maternal DM (high insulin)
Etiology + Tx or C-section (low cortisol)
TX: dexamethasone before birth
,Lung maturity determined with Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II
pneumocytes)
L >> S
Type I pneumocytes Squamous gas diffusion
Elastase in lungs macrophage: lysosomes
PMN: azuronphilic granules
Elastin stretches and recoils due to Lysine interchain crosslinks
air pressure and Air pressure = 0
intrapleural pressure at FRC Intrapleural pressure = -5
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during Exhale of Tidal Volume
Lung Compliance is decreased by LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
Lung Compliance is increased by emphysema, age
Obesity affects ERV and FRC DECREASE
ERV &
FRC
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) pulmonary = systemic
Anatomic pulmonary shunting Bronchial circulation
causes decreased PO2 in
LA/LV than in pulmonary
capillaries
More ventilation is at the BASE
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
,O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
CO2 transport to lungs carbonic anhydrase
Cl shift
Haldane: CO2 released to lung
(Bohr: O2 release to tissue)
CO poisoning causes carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2
Cyanide poisoning causes lactic acidosis
How to treat cyanide poisoning Amyl nitrite --> Methemoglobin
THEN Thiosulfate (hydroxycobalamin)
Normal A-a gradient 5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
Increased A-a gradient Diffusion impairment (fibrosis)
R-L shunt (aspiration, ARDS)
V/Q mismatch (pulmonary edema
AT --> AT II ACE
where and how (- high in sarcoidosis)
In small pulmonary bV
C5a induces what PMN influx (ie: in lungs)
Korotkoff sound BP cuff - appear and disappear
in inflation/deflation
Pulsus Paradoxus 10mmHg difference
in Korotkoff sound
, Pulsus Paradoxus occurs in Cardiac Tamponade
Kussmaul sign JVP rises during inspiration
Constrictive Pericardiditis
Restrictive/Interstitial Lung Disease: Airway widening due to radial traction from fibrosis
A-a, FVC, FEV1, EFR increase Aa
decreased FVC & FEV1
Increased EFR
Sarcoidosis Th1 noncaseating granulmona
bilateral hilar adenopathy
increased ACE
increased IL2, IFNg
1-a-hydroxylase in macrophages: vit D --> HyperCa
Hyper Ca causes stones, thrones, groans, psych overtones
1-a-hydroxylase in macrophages PTH independent conversion of
Calcifediol to calcitriol (bioactive Vit D)
Vit D --> Hyper Ca
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Honeycomb pattern
loss of Type 1 pneumocytes
hyperplasia Type II pneumocytes
Goodpasture HS II
Auto-Ab against BM destroys lung alveoli (restrictive)
and renal glomeruli
Obstructive Lung Disease DECREASED FEV1, Decreased FVC
increased RV, FRC, TLC
**different shape
2026/2027 ALL QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Terms in this set (1757)
Type II pneumocytes surfactant (lecithin)
Proliferate after injury
Type I progenitors
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Polio live v killed vaccine Killed = Salk = IgG
Live = Sabin = IgG + IgA
- can be shed in feces
Neonatal Respiratory Distress: Maternal DM (high insulin)
Etiology + Tx or C-section (low cortisol)
TX: dexamethasone before birth
,Lung maturity determined with Amniocentesis of Phospholipids (*type II
pneumocytes)
L >> S
Type I pneumocytes Squamous gas diffusion
Elastase in lungs macrophage: lysosomes
PMN: azuronphilic granules
Elastin stretches and recoils due to Lysine interchain crosslinks
air pressure and Air pressure = 0
intrapleural pressure at FRC Intrapleural pressure = -5
Pulm Vasc Resistance is lowest during Exhale of Tidal Volume
Lung Compliance is decreased by LHF, pulmonary edema,
pulmonary fibrosis
Lung Compliance is increased by emphysema, age
Obesity affects ERV and FRC DECREASE
ERV &
FRC
Blood flow/min (pulmonary v systemic) pulmonary = systemic
Anatomic pulmonary shunting Bronchial circulation
causes decreased PO2 in
LA/LV than in pulmonary
capillaries
More ventilation is at the BASE
O2-Hgb dissociation LEFT shift basic, cold, low 2,3 BPG
low pO2 (compensatory erythrocytosis)
,O2-Hgb dissociation RIGHT shift low pH, high 2,3BPG, high T
HOT, ACIDIC
CO2 transport to lungs carbonic anhydrase
Cl shift
Haldane: CO2 released to lung
(Bohr: O2 release to tissue)
CO poisoning causes carboxyhemoglobin
no affect on PaO2
Cyanide poisoning causes lactic acidosis
How to treat cyanide poisoning Amyl nitrite --> Methemoglobin
THEN Thiosulfate (hydroxycobalamin)
Normal A-a gradient 5-15
Hypoventilation: Heroin OD or high altitude
Increased A-a gradient Diffusion impairment (fibrosis)
R-L shunt (aspiration, ARDS)
V/Q mismatch (pulmonary edema
AT --> AT II ACE
where and how (- high in sarcoidosis)
In small pulmonary bV
C5a induces what PMN influx (ie: in lungs)
Korotkoff sound BP cuff - appear and disappear
in inflation/deflation
Pulsus Paradoxus 10mmHg difference
in Korotkoff sound
, Pulsus Paradoxus occurs in Cardiac Tamponade
Kussmaul sign JVP rises during inspiration
Constrictive Pericardiditis
Restrictive/Interstitial Lung Disease: Airway widening due to radial traction from fibrosis
A-a, FVC, FEV1, EFR increase Aa
decreased FVC & FEV1
Increased EFR
Sarcoidosis Th1 noncaseating granulmona
bilateral hilar adenopathy
increased ACE
increased IL2, IFNg
1-a-hydroxylase in macrophages: vit D --> HyperCa
Hyper Ca causes stones, thrones, groans, psych overtones
1-a-hydroxylase in macrophages PTH independent conversion of
Calcifediol to calcitriol (bioactive Vit D)
Vit D --> Hyper Ca
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Honeycomb pattern
loss of Type 1 pneumocytes
hyperplasia Type II pneumocytes
Goodpasture HS II
Auto-Ab against BM destroys lung alveoli (restrictive)
and renal glomeruli
Obstructive Lung Disease DECREASED FEV1, Decreased FVC
increased RV, FRC, TLC
**different shape
