NURS 5315 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
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Question 1: Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in the size of cells resulting in an
increased size of the affected organ?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
CORRECT ANSWER: C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells due to an increased
workload or hormonal stimulation, which subsequently increases the overall size of the
organ.
Question 2: What is the primary biochemical mechanism responsible for irreversible cellular
injury during hypoxia?
A. Upregulation of cellular antioxidant defenses
B. Intracellular calcium overload leading to enzyme activation
C. Enhanced intracellular glycogen accumulation
D. Upregulation of ribosomal protein synthesis
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Intracellular calcium overload leading to enzyme activation
Rationale: Hypoxia causes a failure of the sodium-potassium pump and ATP depletion,
leading to an influx of extracellular calcium which activates destructive intracellular
enzymes such as phospholipases and proteases.
Question 3: Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with ischemic infarction in the
brain and central nervous system?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Liquefactive necrosis
,Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs commonly in the brain because ischemic injury
releases digestive hydrolytic enzymes that transform the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.
Question 4: What is the primary characteristic of apoptosis compared to necrosis?
A. Massive inflammatory response triggered by cellular lysis
B. Programmed cell death characterized by cellular shrinkage and intact plasma
membranes
C. Uncontrolled passive swelling of the cellular cytoplasm
D. Rupture of lysosomal enzymes into the extracellular matrix
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Programmed cell death characterized by cellular shrinkage and intact
plasma membranes
Rationale: Apoptosis is an active, regulated form of cell death where cells shrink, fragment
into apoptotic bodies, and are phagocytosed without triggering significant inflammation.
Question 5: Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with metabolic
alkalosis?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypercalcemia
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Hypokalemia
Rationale: In metabolic alkalosis, hydrogen ions shift out of cells in exchange for potassium
ions, and renal excretion of bicarbonate is accompanied by potassium loss, leading to
hypokalemia.
Question 6: What is the primary compensatory mechanism for a primary metabolic acidosis?
A. Renal retention of bicarbonate and excretion of hydrogen ions
B. Hyperventilation leading to a decrease in carbon dioxide partial pressure
C. Hypoventilation leading to an increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure
D. Renal excretion of large volumes of bicarbonate ions
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Hyperventilation leading to a decrease in carbon dioxide partial
pressure
,Rationale: The respiratory system rapidly compensates for metabolic acidosis by increasing
ventilation rate and depth (Kussmaul breathing) to blow off carbon dioxide and reduce acid
load.
Question 7: Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies and involves
mast cell degranulation?
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II hypersensitivity
C. Type III hypersensitivity
D. Type IV hypersensitivity
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Type I hypersensitivity
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction triggered when
allergens cross-link IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils, causing rapid histamine
release.
Question 8: What is the underlying immunologic mechanism in systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE)?
A. Cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity
B. IgE-mediated immediate mast cell activation
C. Immune complex-mediated tissue injury involving autoantibodies against nuclear
antigens
D. Cytotoxic antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells
CORRECT ANSWER: C. Immune complex-mediated tissue injury involving autoantibodies
against nuclear antigens
Rationale: SLE is a classic Type III hypersensitivity disorder characterized by the formation
of circulating immune complexes containing antinuclear antibodies that deposit in tissues.
Question 9: Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for the clinical manifestations of
localized acute inflammation such as redness and heat?
A. Histamine and prostaglandins causing vasodilation
B. Leukotrienes causing vasoconstriction
C. Bradykinin causing direct cellular proliferation
D. Interleukin-10 causing systemic immune suppression
, CORRECT ANSWER: A. Histamine and prostaglandins causing vasodilation
Rationale: Vasodilation of arterioles and capillary beds mediated by histamine and
prostaglandins increases local blood flow, manifesting as erythema (redness) and local
warmth (heat).
Question 10: What is the primary role of the complement system cascade during an acute
inflammatory response?
A. To stimulate direct hepatic synthesis of albumin
B. To promote opsonization, leukocyte chemotaxis, and cellular lysis via the membrane
attack complex
C. To inhibit neutrophil migration into damaged tissue sites
D. To convert fibrinogen directly into stable collagen matrix fibers
CORRECT ANSWER: B. To promote opsonization, leukocyte chemotaxis, and cellular lysis via
the membrane attack complex
Rationale: The complement cascade enhances inflammation by producing anaphylatoxins,
opsonizing pathogens for phagocytosis, and forming the membrane attack complex to lyse
target cells.
Question 11: Which genetic inheritance pattern affects males predominantly because they
possess only a single X chromosome?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive
C. X-linked recessive
D. Mitochondrial maternal inheritance
CORRECT ANSWER: C. X-linked recessive
Rationale: X-linked recessive disorders manifest predominantly in males because they lack
a second normal X chromosome to mask the deleterious mutation present on their single X
chromosome.
Question 12: What chromosomal abnormality is responsible for Down syndrome?
A. Monosomy of the X chromosome
B. Trisomy of chromosome 21
C. Translocation of chromosome 9 and 22
ANSWERS| UTA LATEST UPDATED VERIFIED & COMPLETE | PASS GUARANTEED - A+
GRADED
Question 1: Which cellular adaptation involves an increase in the size of cells resulting in an
increased size of the affected organ?
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
CORRECT ANSWER: C. Hypertrophy
Rationale: Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells due to an increased
workload or hormonal stimulation, which subsequently increases the overall size of the
organ.
Question 2: What is the primary biochemical mechanism responsible for irreversible cellular
injury during hypoxia?
A. Upregulation of cellular antioxidant defenses
B. Intracellular calcium overload leading to enzyme activation
C. Enhanced intracellular glycogen accumulation
D. Upregulation of ribosomal protein synthesis
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Intracellular calcium overload leading to enzyme activation
Rationale: Hypoxia causes a failure of the sodium-potassium pump and ATP depletion,
leading to an influx of extracellular calcium which activates destructive intracellular
enzymes such as phospholipases and proteases.
Question 3: Which type of necrosis is most commonly associated with ischemic infarction in the
brain and central nervous system?
A. Coagulative necrosis
B. Liquefactive necrosis
C. Caseous necrosis
D. Fat necrosis
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Liquefactive necrosis
,Rationale: Liquefactive necrosis occurs commonly in the brain because ischemic injury
releases digestive hydrolytic enzymes that transform the tissue into a liquid viscous mass.
Question 4: What is the primary characteristic of apoptosis compared to necrosis?
A. Massive inflammatory response triggered by cellular lysis
B. Programmed cell death characterized by cellular shrinkage and intact plasma
membranes
C. Uncontrolled passive swelling of the cellular cytoplasm
D. Rupture of lysosomal enzymes into the extracellular matrix
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Programmed cell death characterized by cellular shrinkage and intact
plasma membranes
Rationale: Apoptosis is an active, regulated form of cell death where cells shrink, fragment
into apoptotic bodies, and are phagocytosed without triggering significant inflammation.
Question 5: Which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with metabolic
alkalosis?
A. Hyperkalemia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia
D. Hypercalcemia
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Hypokalemia
Rationale: In metabolic alkalosis, hydrogen ions shift out of cells in exchange for potassium
ions, and renal excretion of bicarbonate is accompanied by potassium loss, leading to
hypokalemia.
Question 6: What is the primary compensatory mechanism for a primary metabolic acidosis?
A. Renal retention of bicarbonate and excretion of hydrogen ions
B. Hyperventilation leading to a decrease in carbon dioxide partial pressure
C. Hypoventilation leading to an increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure
D. Renal excretion of large volumes of bicarbonate ions
CORRECT ANSWER: B. Hyperventilation leading to a decrease in carbon dioxide partial
pressure
,Rationale: The respiratory system rapidly compensates for metabolic acidosis by increasing
ventilation rate and depth (Kussmaul breathing) to blow off carbon dioxide and reduce acid
load.
Question 7: Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE antibodies and involves
mast cell degranulation?
A. Type I hypersensitivity
B. Type II hypersensitivity
C. Type III hypersensitivity
D. Type IV hypersensitivity
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Type I hypersensitivity
Rationale: Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction triggered when
allergens cross-link IgE antibodies on mast cells and basophils, causing rapid histamine
release.
Question 8: What is the underlying immunologic mechanism in systemic lupus erythematosus
(SLE)?
A. Cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity
B. IgE-mediated immediate mast cell activation
C. Immune complex-mediated tissue injury involving autoantibodies against nuclear
antigens
D. Cytotoxic antibody-mediated destruction of red blood cells
CORRECT ANSWER: C. Immune complex-mediated tissue injury involving autoantibodies
against nuclear antigens
Rationale: SLE is a classic Type III hypersensitivity disorder characterized by the formation
of circulating immune complexes containing antinuclear antibodies that deposit in tissues.
Question 9: Which chemical mediator is primarily responsible for the clinical manifestations of
localized acute inflammation such as redness and heat?
A. Histamine and prostaglandins causing vasodilation
B. Leukotrienes causing vasoconstriction
C. Bradykinin causing direct cellular proliferation
D. Interleukin-10 causing systemic immune suppression
, CORRECT ANSWER: A. Histamine and prostaglandins causing vasodilation
Rationale: Vasodilation of arterioles and capillary beds mediated by histamine and
prostaglandins increases local blood flow, manifesting as erythema (redness) and local
warmth (heat).
Question 10: What is the primary role of the complement system cascade during an acute
inflammatory response?
A. To stimulate direct hepatic synthesis of albumin
B. To promote opsonization, leukocyte chemotaxis, and cellular lysis via the membrane
attack complex
C. To inhibit neutrophil migration into damaged tissue sites
D. To convert fibrinogen directly into stable collagen matrix fibers
CORRECT ANSWER: B. To promote opsonization, leukocyte chemotaxis, and cellular lysis via
the membrane attack complex
Rationale: The complement cascade enhances inflammation by producing anaphylatoxins,
opsonizing pathogens for phagocytosis, and forming the membrane attack complex to lyse
target cells.
Question 11: Which genetic inheritance pattern affects males predominantly because they
possess only a single X chromosome?
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Autosomal recessive
C. X-linked recessive
D. Mitochondrial maternal inheritance
CORRECT ANSWER: C. X-linked recessive
Rationale: X-linked recessive disorders manifest predominantly in males because they lack
a second normal X chromosome to mask the deleterious mutation present on their single X
chromosome.
Question 12: What chromosomal abnormality is responsible for Down syndrome?
A. Monosomy of the X chromosome
B. Trisomy of chromosome 21
C. Translocation of chromosome 9 and 22
