KLETC STUDY GUIDE TEST 8
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Fundamentals\of\Emergency\Vehicle\Operation\16.02
1\Identify\the\three\elements\of\the\driver's\triangle.\-\●\Driver
●\Machine
●\Environment
2\Identify\the\most\critical\element\of\the\driver's\triangle.\-\●\The\driver
●\Over\80%\of\all\accidents\are\caused\by\driver\error
●\Lack\of\knowledge,\panic,\inattention\to\driving\skills.
3\Identify\the\two\types\of\vision.\-\Central\Vision:\What\you\see\when\you\look\straight\
ahead\at\an\object;\it\allows\person\to\see\things\clear/sharp.\
Peripheral\Vision:\Ability\to\detect\objects\on\either\side\of\the\line\of\focused\vision;\a\
person\with\normal\vision\can\detect\objects\that\are\approximately\90\degrees\to\either\
side\of\their\focused\vision.
4\Define\the\effects\on\a\driver's\peripheral\vision\as\the\speed\of\a\vehicle\increases.\-\●\As\
speed\increases,\peripheral\vision\decreases.\
●\40\mph\=\120\degrees
●\60\mph\=\60\degrees
●\80\mph\=\30\degrees
5\Identify\the\motor\skills\used\for\driving\which\are\affected\by\stress.\-\●\Stress\may\affect\
driver's\fine\motor\control\skills
●\Fine\motor\control\skills\used\to\steer\and\brake.\
●\Stress\of\an\emergency\maneuver,\hot\call,\pursuit\can\affect\fine\motor\control\skills\too.
6\Define\how\an\anti-lock\braking\system\works.\-\●\ABS\is\part\of\the\vehicle's\braking\
system\that\automatically\controls\braking\pressure\to\prevent\the\controlled\wheel(s)\from\
locking\up\during\braking.\
,●\Most\anti-lock\systems\also\enable\the\vehicle\to\stop\in\a\shorter\distance,\particularly\on\
wet\or\slippery\road\surfaces.\
●\Wheel\speed\sensors\detect\wheel\lock\and\send\signals\to\brake\pressure\modulator\
telling\it\to\reduce\brake\pressure\which\allows\the\wheels\to\turn.\
●\ABS\then\re-applies\braking\pressure\to\maintain\maximum
●\Pressure\regulating\pumps\the\brakes\in\the\same\manner\a\driver\would\only\much\
faster.\
●\Pulsating\occurs\as\a\result\of\the\brake\fluid\pressure\changes\in\the\brake\system\when\
ABS\is\activated.\
●\Current\anti-lock\systems\can\release\and\reapply\the\brakes\as\many\as\15\times\per\
second.\
●\Driver\should\now\pump\the\brakes\because\that\action\may\defeat\the\anti-lock\system\
which\could\lock\the\wheels\and\cause\a\skid.\
Major\Components:\
Wheel\Speed\Sensors:\Measure\wheel\speed,\and\then\transmit\this\information\to\the\
electronic\control\unit\(ECU).
Electronic\Control\Unit\(ECU):\Contains\the\computer\functions,\sensor\signal\processing\
circuits,\and\outputs\signals\to\the\various\ABS\valves\and\components,\and\the\failure\
detection\logic.\
Brake\Pressure\Modulator:\Reduces,\holds,\and\restores\pressure\to\one\or\more\brakes,\
independent\of\the\brake\pedal\effort\applied\by\the\driver.
7\Identify\the\recommended\defensive\driving\techniques\a\driver\should\use\when\driving\
on\snow\and/or\ice.\-\●\The\edge\of\the\road,\lane\markings,\or\traffic\signs\may\not\be\
visible\during\a\snowstorm.\
●\Stopping\distance\on\ice/snow\increases\exponentially\with\increased\speed.\
●\Brakes\should\be\properly\adjusted\so\they\pull\6+evenly.\
●\Wet\roads\with\ice\and\freezing\rain\are\the\most\treacherous\of\all\driving\conditions.\
●\Bridges/shaded\roadways\freeze\first.\
●\Do\not\make\any\sudden\moves\with\the\steering\wheel,\brakes,\or\accelerator.\
●\Slow\down\in\advance\of\intersections,\curves,\and\downgrades,\sooner\than\normally.\
●\Keep\at\least\a\four-second\following\distance.\
●\Chains\on\rear\wheels,\drive\with\them\until\the\road\surface\is\appreciably\clear\of\ice\and\
snow.\
●\When\driving\through\deep\snow,\shift\into\a\lower\gear\before\entering\the\snow\and\
attempt\to\keep\the\car\moving\through\the\snow.
8\Define\the\minimum\depth\of\water\that\may\cause\a\vehicle\to\hydroplane.\-\●\As\little\as\
1/16th\of\an\inch\of\water\can\cause\hydroplaning.\
●\Can\occur\as\soon\as\the\water\depth\exceed\the\thread\depth.
,9\Identify\the\best\driving\surface.\-\Concrete:\provides\the\best\adhesion\to\the\road\by\the\
vehicle;\can\glaze\over\quickly\in\freezing\conditions;\it's\heavy\and\settles\more\than\other\
surfaces.
10\Identify\the\importance\of\safety\belts\and\other\occupant\protection\devices.\-\
Developing\a\habit\of\wearing\restraint\systems\will\significantly\increase\body\protection\
and\allow\the\officer\to\retain\control\of\the\vehicle.
Advantages\for\Safety\Belt\Use
●\Better\vehicle\control;\reducing\chances\of\becoming\involved\in\a\collision.\
●\Less\chance\of\injury/death
●\Lower\medical\costs
●\Less\time\lost\from\work\
●\It\is\the\law.\
Loss\Statistics\for\Law\Enforcement\Officers
●\Approximately\25%\of\officers'\line\of\duty\deaths\are\traffic\related.\
●\12%\of\state\and\24%\of\municipal\collisions\results\in\injury\to\an\officer.\
●\On\average,\LEOs\can\expect\to\be\involved\in\a\collision\every\28,000\miles.\
Seatbelts\and\Airbags
●\After\a\crash\seatbelts\should\be\replaced
●\Safety\belts\hold\you\behind\the\wheel\during\violent\maneuvers
●\Airbags\inflate\1/25\of\a\second\and\creates\a\protective\cushion\between\the\occupant\
and\the\steering\wheel,\dashboard,\and\windshield
11\Identify\factors\that\influence\the\stopping\distance\of\a\vehicle.\-\●\The\speed\of\the\
vehicle
●\The\available\stopping\distance
12\Identify\the\three\components\that\make\up\stopping\distance.\-\Perception:\The\amount\
of\time\it\takes\for\a\driver\to\perceive\a\threat\and\process\the\information.\
Reaction\Time:\The\time\it\takes\to\react\to\the\situation.\
Braking\Distance:\Based\on\many\variables\(type\of\vehicle,\condition\of\braking\system,\
roadway\surface/conditions,\driver's\abilities).
13\Identify\the\distance\in\feet\it\takes\and\average\driver,\driving\an\average\vehicle,\in\
average\environmental\conditions\to\stop\a\car\traveling\60\miles\per\hour.\-\At\60\mph,\it\
will\take\approximately\240\feet\to\stop.\
Average\perception\time\AND\reaction\time\-\½\second\or\29.4\feet\traveled.\
Total\Stopping\Distance
30\mph\=\85\feet
, 60\mph\=\240\feet
14\Define\the\threshold\braking\technique.\-\●\Driver\should\apply\the\brake\to\the\point\of\
the\wheel\lock\up\and\hold\the\pressure\on\the\brake\pedal,\maintaining\rolling\friction.\
●\If\the\wheels\lock\up\creating\sliding\friction,\release\the\pressure\on\the\brake\to\regain\
the\rolling\friction.
15\Identify\the\primary\problems\that\may\occur\during\braking.\-\Front\Wheel\Lockup:\
Caused\by\improper\brake\adjustment\or\slick\spots\on\the\road.\When\lockup\occurs,\it\
causes\reduces\braking\ability\and\loss\of\steering.\When\this\happens,\the\rear\wheels\act\
as\a\rudder\and\maintain\a\straight-ahead\slide.\
All\Wheels\Locked:\It\is\caused\by\a\panic\situation\in\which\the\brakes\are\applied\abruptly\
and\hard\enough\to\lock\all\tired.\The\vehicle\will\probably\skid\in\a\straight\line\as\long\as\
variables\such\as\road\surface,\tire\tread,\and\air\pressure\are\fairly\even.\
Rear\Wheels\Locked:\Occurs\when\improperly\adjusted\brakes\cause\the\rear\wheels\to\
lock\while\the\front\wheels\continue\to\rotate.\When\this\happens,\the\rear\wheels\try\to\
overtake\the\front\wheels\and\try\to\lead\the\car\causing\a\spin.\
Brake\Fade:\This\is\caused\by\frequent\or\hard\brake\use\that\does\not\allow\time\for\proper\
cooling.\The\brakes\are\unable\to\stop\the\wheel\movement.
16\Define\road\positioning.\-\●\Position\of\the\vehicle\on\the\road\which\best\facilitates\the\
negotiation\of\a\turn\or\curve\at\a\safe\rate\of\speed,\and\the\use\of\the\available\roadway\to\
its\fullest\advantage\with\the\least\amount\of\steering.\
●\Driving\line\through\a\turn.
17\Identify\the\three\essential\points\of\reference\that\are\relevant\to\a\constant\radius\
turning\maneuver.\-\Point\#1:\Proper\entry\position\which\is\placing\the\vehicle\to\the\
extreme\outside\of\the\available\roadway.\This\is\also\the\point\of\steering\input\to\perform\
the\turning\maneuver.\
Point\#2:\The\tightest,\most\inner\part\of\the\available\roadway,\and\is\referred\to\as\the\
geometric\apex.\It\is\directly\centered\within\the\driving\arc.\
Point\#3:\The\exit\position,\placing\the\vehicle\again\to\the\extreme\outside\of\the\roadway.\
If\steering\is\input\correctly\from\entry\and\maintained\to\the\apex,\the\vehicle\will\seek\the\
exit\point\on\its\own\accord.
18\Identify\the\recommended\cornering\system.\-\To\safely\negotiate\a\turn\or\curve,\you\
should\use\a\precise,\step-by-step\system\of\cornering.\
●\Evaluate\the\corner.\Visually\search\to\the\corner\and\as\you\get\closer\look\around\the\
corner.\Evaluate\the\path\of\travel\you\will\be\taking\once\the\turn\is\completed.\
●\Use\your\turn\signals.\
●\Position\your\vehicle.\Right\turns\from\right\lanes,\left\turns\from\left\lanes.\
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Fundamentals\of\Emergency\Vehicle\Operation\16.02
1\Identify\the\three\elements\of\the\driver's\triangle.\-\●\Driver
●\Machine
●\Environment
2\Identify\the\most\critical\element\of\the\driver's\triangle.\-\●\The\driver
●\Over\80%\of\all\accidents\are\caused\by\driver\error
●\Lack\of\knowledge,\panic,\inattention\to\driving\skills.
3\Identify\the\two\types\of\vision.\-\Central\Vision:\What\you\see\when\you\look\straight\
ahead\at\an\object;\it\allows\person\to\see\things\clear/sharp.\
Peripheral\Vision:\Ability\to\detect\objects\on\either\side\of\the\line\of\focused\vision;\a\
person\with\normal\vision\can\detect\objects\that\are\approximately\90\degrees\to\either\
side\of\their\focused\vision.
4\Define\the\effects\on\a\driver's\peripheral\vision\as\the\speed\of\a\vehicle\increases.\-\●\As\
speed\increases,\peripheral\vision\decreases.\
●\40\mph\=\120\degrees
●\60\mph\=\60\degrees
●\80\mph\=\30\degrees
5\Identify\the\motor\skills\used\for\driving\which\are\affected\by\stress.\-\●\Stress\may\affect\
driver's\fine\motor\control\skills
●\Fine\motor\control\skills\used\to\steer\and\brake.\
●\Stress\of\an\emergency\maneuver,\hot\call,\pursuit\can\affect\fine\motor\control\skills\too.
6\Define\how\an\anti-lock\braking\system\works.\-\●\ABS\is\part\of\the\vehicle's\braking\
system\that\automatically\controls\braking\pressure\to\prevent\the\controlled\wheel(s)\from\
locking\up\during\braking.\
,●\Most\anti-lock\systems\also\enable\the\vehicle\to\stop\in\a\shorter\distance,\particularly\on\
wet\or\slippery\road\surfaces.\
●\Wheel\speed\sensors\detect\wheel\lock\and\send\signals\to\brake\pressure\modulator\
telling\it\to\reduce\brake\pressure\which\allows\the\wheels\to\turn.\
●\ABS\then\re-applies\braking\pressure\to\maintain\maximum
●\Pressure\regulating\pumps\the\brakes\in\the\same\manner\a\driver\would\only\much\
faster.\
●\Pulsating\occurs\as\a\result\of\the\brake\fluid\pressure\changes\in\the\brake\system\when\
ABS\is\activated.\
●\Current\anti-lock\systems\can\release\and\reapply\the\brakes\as\many\as\15\times\per\
second.\
●\Driver\should\now\pump\the\brakes\because\that\action\may\defeat\the\anti-lock\system\
which\could\lock\the\wheels\and\cause\a\skid.\
Major\Components:\
Wheel\Speed\Sensors:\Measure\wheel\speed,\and\then\transmit\this\information\to\the\
electronic\control\unit\(ECU).
Electronic\Control\Unit\(ECU):\Contains\the\computer\functions,\sensor\signal\processing\
circuits,\and\outputs\signals\to\the\various\ABS\valves\and\components,\and\the\failure\
detection\logic.\
Brake\Pressure\Modulator:\Reduces,\holds,\and\restores\pressure\to\one\or\more\brakes,\
independent\of\the\brake\pedal\effort\applied\by\the\driver.
7\Identify\the\recommended\defensive\driving\techniques\a\driver\should\use\when\driving\
on\snow\and/or\ice.\-\●\The\edge\of\the\road,\lane\markings,\or\traffic\signs\may\not\be\
visible\during\a\snowstorm.\
●\Stopping\distance\on\ice/snow\increases\exponentially\with\increased\speed.\
●\Brakes\should\be\properly\adjusted\so\they\pull\6+evenly.\
●\Wet\roads\with\ice\and\freezing\rain\are\the\most\treacherous\of\all\driving\conditions.\
●\Bridges/shaded\roadways\freeze\first.\
●\Do\not\make\any\sudden\moves\with\the\steering\wheel,\brakes,\or\accelerator.\
●\Slow\down\in\advance\of\intersections,\curves,\and\downgrades,\sooner\than\normally.\
●\Keep\at\least\a\four-second\following\distance.\
●\Chains\on\rear\wheels,\drive\with\them\until\the\road\surface\is\appreciably\clear\of\ice\and\
snow.\
●\When\driving\through\deep\snow,\shift\into\a\lower\gear\before\entering\the\snow\and\
attempt\to\keep\the\car\moving\through\the\snow.
8\Define\the\minimum\depth\of\water\that\may\cause\a\vehicle\to\hydroplane.\-\●\As\little\as\
1/16th\of\an\inch\of\water\can\cause\hydroplaning.\
●\Can\occur\as\soon\as\the\water\depth\exceed\the\thread\depth.
,9\Identify\the\best\driving\surface.\-\Concrete:\provides\the\best\adhesion\to\the\road\by\the\
vehicle;\can\glaze\over\quickly\in\freezing\conditions;\it's\heavy\and\settles\more\than\other\
surfaces.
10\Identify\the\importance\of\safety\belts\and\other\occupant\protection\devices.\-\
Developing\a\habit\of\wearing\restraint\systems\will\significantly\increase\body\protection\
and\allow\the\officer\to\retain\control\of\the\vehicle.
Advantages\for\Safety\Belt\Use
●\Better\vehicle\control;\reducing\chances\of\becoming\involved\in\a\collision.\
●\Less\chance\of\injury/death
●\Lower\medical\costs
●\Less\time\lost\from\work\
●\It\is\the\law.\
Loss\Statistics\for\Law\Enforcement\Officers
●\Approximately\25%\of\officers'\line\of\duty\deaths\are\traffic\related.\
●\12%\of\state\and\24%\of\municipal\collisions\results\in\injury\to\an\officer.\
●\On\average,\LEOs\can\expect\to\be\involved\in\a\collision\every\28,000\miles.\
Seatbelts\and\Airbags
●\After\a\crash\seatbelts\should\be\replaced
●\Safety\belts\hold\you\behind\the\wheel\during\violent\maneuvers
●\Airbags\inflate\1/25\of\a\second\and\creates\a\protective\cushion\between\the\occupant\
and\the\steering\wheel,\dashboard,\and\windshield
11\Identify\factors\that\influence\the\stopping\distance\of\a\vehicle.\-\●\The\speed\of\the\
vehicle
●\The\available\stopping\distance
12\Identify\the\three\components\that\make\up\stopping\distance.\-\Perception:\The\amount\
of\time\it\takes\for\a\driver\to\perceive\a\threat\and\process\the\information.\
Reaction\Time:\The\time\it\takes\to\react\to\the\situation.\
Braking\Distance:\Based\on\many\variables\(type\of\vehicle,\condition\of\braking\system,\
roadway\surface/conditions,\driver's\abilities).
13\Identify\the\distance\in\feet\it\takes\and\average\driver,\driving\an\average\vehicle,\in\
average\environmental\conditions\to\stop\a\car\traveling\60\miles\per\hour.\-\At\60\mph,\it\
will\take\approximately\240\feet\to\stop.\
Average\perception\time\AND\reaction\time\-\½\second\or\29.4\feet\traveled.\
Total\Stopping\Distance
30\mph\=\85\feet
, 60\mph\=\240\feet
14\Define\the\threshold\braking\technique.\-\●\Driver\should\apply\the\brake\to\the\point\of\
the\wheel\lock\up\and\hold\the\pressure\on\the\brake\pedal,\maintaining\rolling\friction.\
●\If\the\wheels\lock\up\creating\sliding\friction,\release\the\pressure\on\the\brake\to\regain\
the\rolling\friction.
15\Identify\the\primary\problems\that\may\occur\during\braking.\-\Front\Wheel\Lockup:\
Caused\by\improper\brake\adjustment\or\slick\spots\on\the\road.\When\lockup\occurs,\it\
causes\reduces\braking\ability\and\loss\of\steering.\When\this\happens,\the\rear\wheels\act\
as\a\rudder\and\maintain\a\straight-ahead\slide.\
All\Wheels\Locked:\It\is\caused\by\a\panic\situation\in\which\the\brakes\are\applied\abruptly\
and\hard\enough\to\lock\all\tired.\The\vehicle\will\probably\skid\in\a\straight\line\as\long\as\
variables\such\as\road\surface,\tire\tread,\and\air\pressure\are\fairly\even.\
Rear\Wheels\Locked:\Occurs\when\improperly\adjusted\brakes\cause\the\rear\wheels\to\
lock\while\the\front\wheels\continue\to\rotate.\When\this\happens,\the\rear\wheels\try\to\
overtake\the\front\wheels\and\try\to\lead\the\car\causing\a\spin.\
Brake\Fade:\This\is\caused\by\frequent\or\hard\brake\use\that\does\not\allow\time\for\proper\
cooling.\The\brakes\are\unable\to\stop\the\wheel\movement.
16\Define\road\positioning.\-\●\Position\of\the\vehicle\on\the\road\which\best\facilitates\the\
negotiation\of\a\turn\or\curve\at\a\safe\rate\of\speed,\and\the\use\of\the\available\roadway\to\
its\fullest\advantage\with\the\least\amount\of\steering.\
●\Driving\line\through\a\turn.
17\Identify\the\three\essential\points\of\reference\that\are\relevant\to\a\constant\radius\
turning\maneuver.\-\Point\#1:\Proper\entry\position\which\is\placing\the\vehicle\to\the\
extreme\outside\of\the\available\roadway.\This\is\also\the\point\of\steering\input\to\perform\
the\turning\maneuver.\
Point\#2:\The\tightest,\most\inner\part\of\the\available\roadway,\and\is\referred\to\as\the\
geometric\apex.\It\is\directly\centered\within\the\driving\arc.\
Point\#3:\The\exit\position,\placing\the\vehicle\again\to\the\extreme\outside\of\the\roadway.\
If\steering\is\input\correctly\from\entry\and\maintained\to\the\apex,\the\vehicle\will\seek\the\
exit\point\on\its\own\accord.
18\Identify\the\recommended\cornering\system.\-\To\safely\negotiate\a\turn\or\curve,\you\
should\use\a\precise,\step-by-step\system\of\cornering.\
●\Evaluate\the\corner.\Visually\search\to\the\corner\and\as\you\get\closer\look\around\the\
corner.\Evaluate\the\path\of\travel\you\will\be\taking\once\the\turn\is\completed.\
●\Use\your\turn\signals.\
●\Position\your\vehicle.\Right\turns\from\right\lanes,\left\turns\from\left\lanes.\
