BLOOD BANK EXAM 1 ACTUAL TEST
QUESTIONS AND SOLVED ANSWERS
◉ What are the components of blood that may be transfused?
Answer: Red blood cells, clotting factors, platelets, and plasma.
◉ What is the primary function of IgG immunoglobulins?
Answer: To provide long-term immunity and can cross the placenta.
◉ What are the effects of centrifugation on antigen-antibody
reactions?
Answer: It can enhance the agglutination process by bringing cells
and antibodies closer together.
◉ What are substances capable of inducing a specific immune
response called?
Answer: Antigens
◉ What is the minimum molecular weight for a substance to be
considered an antigen?
Answer: >5000 Daltons
,◉ What is the portion of the antigen where the antibody combines
called?
Answer: Epitope or antigenic determinant
◉ What are the three ways an antigen can be acquired?
Answer: Injection, inhalation, or ingestion
◉ What does avidity refer to in immunology?
Answer: The overall strength of reaction between several epitopes
and antibodies
◉ What factors influence avidity?
Answer: Affinity of the antibody, valency, and noncovalent attractive
forces
◉ What is the definition of affinity in the context of antibodies?
Answer: The strength of the binding between a single antibody and
an epitope of an antigen
◉ What are antibodies also known as?
Answer: Immunoglobulins
◉ What initiates the production of antibodies?
,Answer: The direct interaction of an antigen with a macrophage
◉ What are the two types of antibodies based on their target?
Answer: Alloantibody (to foreign substance) and autoantibody (to
self)
◉ What are the two polypeptide chains in an immunoglobulin?
Answer: One heavy chain and one light chain
◉ What are the two light chains found in immunoglobulins?
Answer: Kappa and lambda
◉ What is the Fab portion of an immunoglobulin?
Answer: Fragment Antigen Binding, which binds to the antigenic
determinant
◉ What is the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin?
Answer: Fragment Crystallizable, which has binding sites for
complement and macrophage Fc receptors
◉ What is the role of the hinge region in immunoglobulins?
Answer: It allows flexibility for immunoglobulin to attach to the
antigen
, ◉ What happens to an antibody molecule when cleaved by enzymes
like Pepsin and Papain?
Answer: It splits at the hinge region into one crystallizable fragment
(Fc) and two antigen binding site fragments (Fab)
◉ What are the heavy chains of concern in Blood Bank?
Answer: IgM (Mu) and IgG (Gamma)
◉ How is a monomer formed in immunoglobulins?
Answer: By joining two identical halves of heavy and light chains
◉ What are the two main classes of antibodies found in blood
banks?
Answer: IgG and IgM
◉ What is the difference between avidity and affinity in antibody
interactions?
Answer: Avidity refers to the overall strength of reaction between
several epitopes and antibodies, while affinity refers to the strength
of the binding between a single antibody and an epitope of an
antigen.
◉ What is the first stage of antigen-antibody reactions called?
QUESTIONS AND SOLVED ANSWERS
◉ What are the components of blood that may be transfused?
Answer: Red blood cells, clotting factors, platelets, and plasma.
◉ What is the primary function of IgG immunoglobulins?
Answer: To provide long-term immunity and can cross the placenta.
◉ What are the effects of centrifugation on antigen-antibody
reactions?
Answer: It can enhance the agglutination process by bringing cells
and antibodies closer together.
◉ What are substances capable of inducing a specific immune
response called?
Answer: Antigens
◉ What is the minimum molecular weight for a substance to be
considered an antigen?
Answer: >5000 Daltons
,◉ What is the portion of the antigen where the antibody combines
called?
Answer: Epitope or antigenic determinant
◉ What are the three ways an antigen can be acquired?
Answer: Injection, inhalation, or ingestion
◉ What does avidity refer to in immunology?
Answer: The overall strength of reaction between several epitopes
and antibodies
◉ What factors influence avidity?
Answer: Affinity of the antibody, valency, and noncovalent attractive
forces
◉ What is the definition of affinity in the context of antibodies?
Answer: The strength of the binding between a single antibody and
an epitope of an antigen
◉ What are antibodies also known as?
Answer: Immunoglobulins
◉ What initiates the production of antibodies?
,Answer: The direct interaction of an antigen with a macrophage
◉ What are the two types of antibodies based on their target?
Answer: Alloantibody (to foreign substance) and autoantibody (to
self)
◉ What are the two polypeptide chains in an immunoglobulin?
Answer: One heavy chain and one light chain
◉ What are the two light chains found in immunoglobulins?
Answer: Kappa and lambda
◉ What is the Fab portion of an immunoglobulin?
Answer: Fragment Antigen Binding, which binds to the antigenic
determinant
◉ What is the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin?
Answer: Fragment Crystallizable, which has binding sites for
complement and macrophage Fc receptors
◉ What is the role of the hinge region in immunoglobulins?
Answer: It allows flexibility for immunoglobulin to attach to the
antigen
, ◉ What happens to an antibody molecule when cleaved by enzymes
like Pepsin and Papain?
Answer: It splits at the hinge region into one crystallizable fragment
(Fc) and two antigen binding site fragments (Fab)
◉ What are the heavy chains of concern in Blood Bank?
Answer: IgM (Mu) and IgG (Gamma)
◉ How is a monomer formed in immunoglobulins?
Answer: By joining two identical halves of heavy and light chains
◉ What are the two main classes of antibodies found in blood
banks?
Answer: IgG and IgM
◉ What is the difference between avidity and affinity in antibody
interactions?
Answer: Avidity refers to the overall strength of reaction between
several epitopes and antibodies, while affinity refers to the strength
of the binding between a single antibody and an epitope of an
antigen.
◉ What is the first stage of antigen-antibody reactions called?
