BKAT 9R COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW WITH
FULL SOLUTIONS
●● ECG changes in an acute MI
Answer: ST elevation in 2 or more contiguous leads. Ischemia d/t full
thickness loss of muscle. EMERGENCY.
●● Inferior leads
Answer: II, III, aVF. RCA occlusion.
●● Septal leads
Answer: V1 & V2.
●● Anterior leads
Answer: V1 - V4. LAD lesion.
●● Lateral leads
Answer: V5, V6, I, and aVL. Circumflex lesion.
●● Cardiac enzymes
Answer: Troponins, CK-MB, and CK
,●● Changes in CK
Answer: Rise: 3-6 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 3-4 days
●● Changes in CK-MB
Answer: Released after myocardial necrosis. Specific for myocardial
damage.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 2-3 days
●● Troponin I
Answer: Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 5-10 days
●● Troponin T
Answer: Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 12-48 hours
, Normal: 5-14 days
●● Common conditions that cause a murmur
Answer: Aortic dissection, aortic regurgitation (both acute & chronic),
mitral valve regurgitation (both acute & chronic), mitral valve stenosis
●● Drugs to decrease afterload/SVR/PVR
Answer: (Arterial Dilators) Nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, amrinone, alpha
(Regitine) & Ca channel blockers
●● Drugs to increased afterload/SVR/PVR
Answer: (Vasopressors) Epinepherine, norepinepherine, dopamine,
neosynephrine
●● Drugs to decrease contractility/SVI
Answer: Beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, labetolol,
esmolol) and Ca channel blockers
●● Drugs to increase contractility/SVI
Answer: Positive inotropes, dobutamine, dopamine, milrinone, and
digoxin
●● Drugs to decrease preload/CVP/PAWP
FULL SOLUTIONS
●● ECG changes in an acute MI
Answer: ST elevation in 2 or more contiguous leads. Ischemia d/t full
thickness loss of muscle. EMERGENCY.
●● Inferior leads
Answer: II, III, aVF. RCA occlusion.
●● Septal leads
Answer: V1 & V2.
●● Anterior leads
Answer: V1 - V4. LAD lesion.
●● Lateral leads
Answer: V5, V6, I, and aVL. Circumflex lesion.
●● Cardiac enzymes
Answer: Troponins, CK-MB, and CK
,●● Changes in CK
Answer: Rise: 3-6 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 3-4 days
●● Changes in CK-MB
Answer: Released after myocardial necrosis. Specific for myocardial
damage.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 2-3 days
●● Troponin I
Answer: Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 24 hours
Normal: 5-10 days
●● Troponin T
Answer: Protein found in cardiac muscle. High sensitivity.
Rise: 3-12 hours
Peak: 12-48 hours
, Normal: 5-14 days
●● Common conditions that cause a murmur
Answer: Aortic dissection, aortic regurgitation (both acute & chronic),
mitral valve regurgitation (both acute & chronic), mitral valve stenosis
●● Drugs to decrease afterload/SVR/PVR
Answer: (Arterial Dilators) Nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, amrinone, alpha
(Regitine) & Ca channel blockers
●● Drugs to increased afterload/SVR/PVR
Answer: (Vasopressors) Epinepherine, norepinepherine, dopamine,
neosynephrine
●● Drugs to decrease contractility/SVI
Answer: Beta blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, labetolol,
esmolol) and Ca channel blockers
●● Drugs to increase contractility/SVI
Answer: Positive inotropes, dobutamine, dopamine, milrinone, and
digoxin
●● Drugs to decrease preload/CVP/PAWP
