BIOS 242 EXAM 3 COMPLETE COURSE
REVIEW GUIDE
◉ Second line of defense.
Answer: Cellular and chemical systems that spring to action if
microbes get past the first line of defense.
◉ Third line of defense.
Answer: Host defenses that are unique for each microbe. The
defenses include T cells and B cells.
◉ Neutrophil.
Answer: Neutrophils release toxic forms of oxygen and have
cytoplasmic granules containing digestive enzymes. These cells
make up 55-90% of leukocytes and are the first cells to arrive at the
site of infection. These cells are involved in phagocytosis and
destruction of bacteria and other debris. Neutrophils increase in
bacterial infections.
◉ Eosinophil.
Answer: The cytoplasmic granules of these cells contain peroxidase
and lysozyme, which are released to destroy helminths. Elevation of
the eosinophil count occurs in helminth infections and allergic
reactions.
, ◉ Basophil.
Answer: The cytoplasmic granules of these cells contain histamine
and other chemicals that mediate inflammation.
◉ Monocyte.
Answer: Monocytes differentiate into macrophages when they
migrate to tissues. Macrophages are the second cells arriving at the
site of infection and phagocytose bacteria and debris just like
neutrophils.
◉ Lymphocyte.
Answer: White blood cell types that include T-cells and B-cells which
can create immune responses to specific microbes.
◉ Phagocytosis.
Answer: A multistep process carried out by neutrophils, eosinophils,
macrophages, and dendritic cells to destroy microbes. The steps of
phagocytosis include chemotaxis, adhesion, engulfment, phagosome
formation, phagolysosome formation, killing, and release of residual
debris.
◉ Interferon.
REVIEW GUIDE
◉ Second line of defense.
Answer: Cellular and chemical systems that spring to action if
microbes get past the first line of defense.
◉ Third line of defense.
Answer: Host defenses that are unique for each microbe. The
defenses include T cells and B cells.
◉ Neutrophil.
Answer: Neutrophils release toxic forms of oxygen and have
cytoplasmic granules containing digestive enzymes. These cells
make up 55-90% of leukocytes and are the first cells to arrive at the
site of infection. These cells are involved in phagocytosis and
destruction of bacteria and other debris. Neutrophils increase in
bacterial infections.
◉ Eosinophil.
Answer: The cytoplasmic granules of these cells contain peroxidase
and lysozyme, which are released to destroy helminths. Elevation of
the eosinophil count occurs in helminth infections and allergic
reactions.
, ◉ Basophil.
Answer: The cytoplasmic granules of these cells contain histamine
and other chemicals that mediate inflammation.
◉ Monocyte.
Answer: Monocytes differentiate into macrophages when they
migrate to tissues. Macrophages are the second cells arriving at the
site of infection and phagocytose bacteria and debris just like
neutrophils.
◉ Lymphocyte.
Answer: White blood cell types that include T-cells and B-cells which
can create immune responses to specific microbes.
◉ Phagocytosis.
Answer: A multistep process carried out by neutrophils, eosinophils,
macrophages, and dendritic cells to destroy microbes. The steps of
phagocytosis include chemotaxis, adhesion, engulfment, phagosome
formation, phagolysosome formation, killing, and release of residual
debris.
◉ Interferon.
