Advanced
Pathophysiology:
Cellular, Fluid, Cancer &
Immunity Concepts |
Study Guide & Exam
Review
|Guaranteed success|
,Mitochondria "Powerhouse" of the cell, produces ATP through
cellular respiration. Contains its own DNA (mtDNA)
encoding proteins for energy production.
Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into
proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Network of channels for protein and lipid synthesis.
Rough ER Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of
protein components.
Smooth ER Involved in steroid hormone synthesis and
detoxification of toxic substances.
Golgi Complex Processes and packages proteins into secretory
vesicles.
Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down
cellular substances and waste products; involved in
cellular self-digestion upon injury.
Peroxisomes Contain enzymes that produce and use hydrogen
peroxide to detoxify waste products.
Cytoplasm (Cytosol) Aqueous solution filling the space between the
nucleus and plasma membrane.
, Cytoskeleton Composed of protein filaments (microtubules, actin
filaments) providing cell structure, movement, and
forming cell extensions.
Plasma Membrane Encloses the cell, controls substance movement,
involved in cell-to-cell recognition, mobility, and
shape maintenance. Composed of a lipid bilayer
with embedded proteins and carbohydrates
(glycocalyx).
Passive Transport Movement of substances down a concentration
gradient without energy required.
Diffusion Movement of solute from higher to lower
concentration.
Osmosis Movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane from lower to higher solute
concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion Movement of solutes across a membrane with the
help of transport proteins, but still down a
concentration gradient.
Active Transport Movement of substances against a concentration
gradient requiring ATP.
Na+/K+ Pump Actively transports sodium out and potassium into
the cell.
Endocytosis Ingestion of substances into the cell via membrane-
bound vesicles (e.g., pinocytosis for fluids,
phagocytosis for large particles).
Pathophysiology:
Cellular, Fluid, Cancer &
Immunity Concepts |
Study Guide & Exam
Review
|Guaranteed success|
,Mitochondria "Powerhouse" of the cell, produces ATP through
cellular respiration. Contains its own DNA (mtDNA)
encoding proteins for energy production.
Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into
proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Network of channels for protein and lipid synthesis.
Rough ER Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of
protein components.
Smooth ER Involved in steroid hormone synthesis and
detoxification of toxic substances.
Golgi Complex Processes and packages proteins into secretory
vesicles.
Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down
cellular substances and waste products; involved in
cellular self-digestion upon injury.
Peroxisomes Contain enzymes that produce and use hydrogen
peroxide to detoxify waste products.
Cytoplasm (Cytosol) Aqueous solution filling the space between the
nucleus and plasma membrane.
, Cytoskeleton Composed of protein filaments (microtubules, actin
filaments) providing cell structure, movement, and
forming cell extensions.
Plasma Membrane Encloses the cell, controls substance movement,
involved in cell-to-cell recognition, mobility, and
shape maintenance. Composed of a lipid bilayer
with embedded proteins and carbohydrates
(glycocalyx).
Passive Transport Movement of substances down a concentration
gradient without energy required.
Diffusion Movement of solute from higher to lower
concentration.
Osmosis Movement of water across a semipermeable
membrane from lower to higher solute
concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion Movement of solutes across a membrane with the
help of transport proteins, but still down a
concentration gradient.
Active Transport Movement of substances against a concentration
gradient requiring ATP.
Na+/K+ Pump Actively transports sodium out and potassium into
the cell.
Endocytosis Ingestion of substances into the cell via membrane-
bound vesicles (e.g., pinocytosis for fluids,
phagocytosis for large particles).
