Advanced
Pathophysiology Final
Exam Study Guide |
Practice Questions, Exam
Review & Exam Prep
|Guaranteed success|
,Describe the different types of tissues and their Epithelial- covers most of the internal and external body surfaces, simple,
functions. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural. stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudo stratified. The structures are
Cilia and microvilli. Functions- protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion.
Connective- serve as the ground substance, the fibers are collagenous (white),
elastic (yellow), and reticular. There are loose and dense connective tissue
examples are cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, and organs. Functions- They
are the framework for forming organs, binding, supporting, and storing excess
nutrients.
Muscle Tissue- are composed of myocytes, examples are smooth, skeletal,
cardiac. Functions- contractile tissue, enabling both voluntary and involuntary
movement.
Neural Tissue- Structure: Neurons, synapses, cell body, axons, and dendrites.
Functions: Receive and transmit electrical impulses very rapidly across junctions
called synapses such as Neurotransmitters.
Mitochondria within the cells are responsible for: a. Cellular respiration and energy production via metabolism of carbohydrates,
lipids, and amino acids.
The process of catabolism involves three phases in b. Digestion, glycolysis, and Krebs cycle.
which order?
A patient has an annual Pap smear and gynecologic Atypical hyperplasia- is a term used when there is an abnormal pattern of
examination. Three years ago, immediately before her growth of cells within the ducts and/ or lobules that are not cancerous.
third pregnancy, the pathologic report of her Pap Hyperplasia means that there are more cells than usual and they are no longer
smear indicated she had hormonal hyperplasia. Her lined up in just the 2 layers of cells. By looking under the microscope some of
current Pap smear indicates she has atypical the growth looks more abnormal.
hyperplasia or dysplasia. What is the difference Dysplasia- is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality in maturation
between these? of cells within a tissue. This generally consists of an expansion of immature
cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature
cells.
Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process. Example is
Epithelial dysplasia of the cervix (from an abnormal pap smear) consists of an
increased population of immature (basal-like) cells which are restricted to the
mucosal surface, and have not invaded through the basement membrane to
the deeper soft tissues.
, A patient has been smoking one pack of cigarettes per Smoking damage is slow and progressive and deadly. Smoking affects the
day for 20 years. Describe the possible cellular normal process of how our respiratory system removes trapped dirt and
changes that have occurred in his bronchial linings that disease causing organisms, which cilia sweep toward the mouth, where it can
can make him more prone to upper respiratory be eliminated. The first inhalation starts the process of the cilia slowly losing
infections their function and becoming paralyzed and then disappears all together. The
smoker's cough is now the end result. The cilium no longer removes the mucus
effectively and the person must cough it up. The respiratory tract is now
vulnerable for lung congestion and a place for pathogenic organisms to start
developing. The cough leads to chronic bronchitis caused by the destroyed
cilia. The bronchioles lose elasticity and are no longer able to absorb the
pressure within the alveoli enough to rupture the delicate alveolar walls; this is
the classic sign for emphysema. Progressing emphysema may be cellular
changes leading to lung cancer. First the outer border of the bronchial lining
begins to divide more rapidly than usual. Eventually, these displace the ciliated
cells. The nuclei begin to look like cancer cells, large and distorted with
abnormal numbers and chromosomes. The damage at this point can be
repaired is smoking ceases. However, if it doesn't these cells may eventually
break through the basement membrane and begin dividing within the lung
tissue, forming a tumor with the potential of spreading throughout lung tissue
A patient is diagnosed with a cerebral embolus (CVA). The regulation of both intracellular pH (pHi) and extracellular pH (pHo) of
Explain how hypoxia causes the intracellular ion brain cells is critically important because many cellular processes are sensitive
balance to change. to changes in pHi and/or pHo. These pH-sensitive processes include enzymes
and transporters, as well as voltage- and ligand-gated channels that can
influence neuronal activity. The pH sensitivity of glutamate-stimulated and
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is particularly relevant to ion disturbances
associated with hypoxia and ischemia, when increases in intracellular Ca2+
([Ca2+]i) can be neurotoxic. Ischemia/hypoxia generally leads to decreases in
both pHi and pHo in brain cells, although the pattern and magnitude of the pH
changes can vary among preparations If the primary insult were a fall in pHi(
i.e., at constant pHo), then brain cells would attempt to regulate their pHi by
extruding acid, that is, transporting acid into or taking up HCO3 from the
extracellular space. The resulting secondary decrease in pHo could contribute
to tissue damage
Pathophysiology Final
Exam Study Guide |
Practice Questions, Exam
Review & Exam Prep
|Guaranteed success|
,Describe the different types of tissues and their Epithelial- covers most of the internal and external body surfaces, simple,
functions. Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Neural. stratified, squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudo stratified. The structures are
Cilia and microvilli. Functions- protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion.
Connective- serve as the ground substance, the fibers are collagenous (white),
elastic (yellow), and reticular. There are loose and dense connective tissue
examples are cartilage, bone, vascular, adipose, and organs. Functions- They
are the framework for forming organs, binding, supporting, and storing excess
nutrients.
Muscle Tissue- are composed of myocytes, examples are smooth, skeletal,
cardiac. Functions- contractile tissue, enabling both voluntary and involuntary
movement.
Neural Tissue- Structure: Neurons, synapses, cell body, axons, and dendrites.
Functions: Receive and transmit electrical impulses very rapidly across junctions
called synapses such as Neurotransmitters.
Mitochondria within the cells are responsible for: a. Cellular respiration and energy production via metabolism of carbohydrates,
lipids, and amino acids.
The process of catabolism involves three phases in b. Digestion, glycolysis, and Krebs cycle.
which order?
A patient has an annual Pap smear and gynecologic Atypical hyperplasia- is a term used when there is an abnormal pattern of
examination. Three years ago, immediately before her growth of cells within the ducts and/ or lobules that are not cancerous.
third pregnancy, the pathologic report of her Pap Hyperplasia means that there are more cells than usual and they are no longer
smear indicated she had hormonal hyperplasia. Her lined up in just the 2 layers of cells. By looking under the microscope some of
current Pap smear indicates she has atypical the growth looks more abnormal.
hyperplasia or dysplasia. What is the difference Dysplasia- is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality in maturation
between these? of cells within a tissue. This generally consists of an expansion of immature
cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature
cells.
Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process. Example is
Epithelial dysplasia of the cervix (from an abnormal pap smear) consists of an
increased population of immature (basal-like) cells which are restricted to the
mucosal surface, and have not invaded through the basement membrane to
the deeper soft tissues.
, A patient has been smoking one pack of cigarettes per Smoking damage is slow and progressive and deadly. Smoking affects the
day for 20 years. Describe the possible cellular normal process of how our respiratory system removes trapped dirt and
changes that have occurred in his bronchial linings that disease causing organisms, which cilia sweep toward the mouth, where it can
can make him more prone to upper respiratory be eliminated. The first inhalation starts the process of the cilia slowly losing
infections their function and becoming paralyzed and then disappears all together. The
smoker's cough is now the end result. The cilium no longer removes the mucus
effectively and the person must cough it up. The respiratory tract is now
vulnerable for lung congestion and a place for pathogenic organisms to start
developing. The cough leads to chronic bronchitis caused by the destroyed
cilia. The bronchioles lose elasticity and are no longer able to absorb the
pressure within the alveoli enough to rupture the delicate alveolar walls; this is
the classic sign for emphysema. Progressing emphysema may be cellular
changes leading to lung cancer. First the outer border of the bronchial lining
begins to divide more rapidly than usual. Eventually, these displace the ciliated
cells. The nuclei begin to look like cancer cells, large and distorted with
abnormal numbers and chromosomes. The damage at this point can be
repaired is smoking ceases. However, if it doesn't these cells may eventually
break through the basement membrane and begin dividing within the lung
tissue, forming a tumor with the potential of spreading throughout lung tissue
A patient is diagnosed with a cerebral embolus (CVA). The regulation of both intracellular pH (pHi) and extracellular pH (pHo) of
Explain how hypoxia causes the intracellular ion brain cells is critically important because many cellular processes are sensitive
balance to change. to changes in pHi and/or pHo. These pH-sensitive processes include enzymes
and transporters, as well as voltage- and ligand-gated channels that can
influence neuronal activity. The pH sensitivity of glutamate-stimulated and
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels is particularly relevant to ion disturbances
associated with hypoxia and ischemia, when increases in intracellular Ca2+
([Ca2+]i) can be neurotoxic. Ischemia/hypoxia generally leads to decreases in
both pHi and pHo in brain cells, although the pattern and magnitude of the pH
changes can vary among preparations If the primary insult were a fall in pHi(
i.e., at constant pHo), then brain cells would attempt to regulate their pHi by
extruding acid, that is, transporting acid into or taking up HCO3 from the
extracellular space. The resulting secondary decrease in pHo could contribute
to tissue damage
