Exam 1 Study Maternity
Normal Antepartum & Prenatal Care
10% of all abnormalities are r/t genetics
Fetus is most vulnerable to teratogens in first 8 weeks
Teratogens: toxoplasmosis (cat feces), rubella, alcohol, thalidomide (used to prevent
miscarriages- limb deformities), ACE inhibitors, anticonvulsants (cleft palate), cocaine, Accutane
(congenital defects), lithium (cardiac defects), warfarin (CNS defects), mercury
3 phases of ovarian cycle
• Follicular: egg develops. Production of follicles on the surface of ovary that mature into
egg
• Ovulatory: egg is released. Mature egg is released from ovary & moves along fallopian
tube towards uterus
• Luteal: egg either implants in lining of uterus or dies off due to not being fertilized.
Corpus luteum is formed. Lasts about 14 days and ends with period. If pregnant, corpus
luteum releases progesterone & estrogen until placenta takes over
3 phases of endometrial (uterine) cycle
• Menstruation: uterus lining sheds & flows out of vagina.
• Proliferative: uterine lining thickens so that a fertilized egg (embryo) can implant
• Secretory: If pregnant, uterus continues to develop (thickens) & produce glycogen. If
not pregnant, tissues slough & disintegrate d/t change in hormones
,Ovum: FSH – releases estrogen.
Estrogen – promotes maturation of ovum
Spermatozoa: FSH – produces sperm.
LH – produces testosterone.
Testosterone – promotes maturation of sperm
Conception: outer 1/3 of fallopian tube. Sperm nucleus enters oocyte nucleus. Fertilized egg is
zygote & has 23 chromosomes from oocyte & 23 from sperm
Mitosis forms embryoblast (embryo) & trophoblast (placenta)
Twins
• Monozygotic – identical. Can be mono-mono (both share chorionic & amniotic sac)
o mono-di (share chorionic sac but different amniotic sacs)
• Dizygotic – fraternal. Di-di
Embryo: first 8 weeks
Fetus: week 9 – birth
14 days: primary germ layers form
Ectoderm: skin & hair
Mesoderm: bone, kidneys, blood
Endoderm: GI, liver
4 weeks: heart begins to beat & circulate blood
8 weeks: baby is 3 cm
, Foramen ovale: hole in upper chambers of heart that carries blood from R atrium into L atrium
(bypassing ventricle & lungs)
Ductus venosus: carries O2 to right atrium (bypasses liver)
Ductus arteriosus: diverts O2 & blood to aorta, away from lungs
Placenta: metabolic & gas exchange. Nutrition to fetus. Hormone production
Embryonic membrane: chorion (outer) & amnion (inner)
Amniotic fluid: produced from amniotic membrane. Fluid volume 800-1000 mL @ 34 weeks.
Acts as a cushion. 500-600 mL @ term.
Umbilical cord: 2 arteries, 1 vein. Wharton’s jelly (protects vessels). ~55 cm
Prenatal screening: family history, personal history, social history, lab work, BMI, pelvic exam,
breast exam
Prenatal exercise: aerobic, weight-bearing, strengthening
First prenatal visit:
• Pregnancy testing: vaginal exam, abdominal assessment, assess for fetal heartbeat,
EDC/EDB
• Lab: Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, HIV/Hep B, bloodtype/Rh, ultrasound
• Education: what to expect, signs & symptoms to report
• Nutrition: expected weight gain, nutritional needs, special dietary considerations
Normal Antepartum & Prenatal Care
10% of all abnormalities are r/t genetics
Fetus is most vulnerable to teratogens in first 8 weeks
Teratogens: toxoplasmosis (cat feces), rubella, alcohol, thalidomide (used to prevent
miscarriages- limb deformities), ACE inhibitors, anticonvulsants (cleft palate), cocaine, Accutane
(congenital defects), lithium (cardiac defects), warfarin (CNS defects), mercury
3 phases of ovarian cycle
• Follicular: egg develops. Production of follicles on the surface of ovary that mature into
egg
• Ovulatory: egg is released. Mature egg is released from ovary & moves along fallopian
tube towards uterus
• Luteal: egg either implants in lining of uterus or dies off due to not being fertilized.
Corpus luteum is formed. Lasts about 14 days and ends with period. If pregnant, corpus
luteum releases progesterone & estrogen until placenta takes over
3 phases of endometrial (uterine) cycle
• Menstruation: uterus lining sheds & flows out of vagina.
• Proliferative: uterine lining thickens so that a fertilized egg (embryo) can implant
• Secretory: If pregnant, uterus continues to develop (thickens) & produce glycogen. If
not pregnant, tissues slough & disintegrate d/t change in hormones
,Ovum: FSH – releases estrogen.
Estrogen – promotes maturation of ovum
Spermatozoa: FSH – produces sperm.
LH – produces testosterone.
Testosterone – promotes maturation of sperm
Conception: outer 1/3 of fallopian tube. Sperm nucleus enters oocyte nucleus. Fertilized egg is
zygote & has 23 chromosomes from oocyte & 23 from sperm
Mitosis forms embryoblast (embryo) & trophoblast (placenta)
Twins
• Monozygotic – identical. Can be mono-mono (both share chorionic & amniotic sac)
o mono-di (share chorionic sac but different amniotic sacs)
• Dizygotic – fraternal. Di-di
Embryo: first 8 weeks
Fetus: week 9 – birth
14 days: primary germ layers form
Ectoderm: skin & hair
Mesoderm: bone, kidneys, blood
Endoderm: GI, liver
4 weeks: heart begins to beat & circulate blood
8 weeks: baby is 3 cm
, Foramen ovale: hole in upper chambers of heart that carries blood from R atrium into L atrium
(bypassing ventricle & lungs)
Ductus venosus: carries O2 to right atrium (bypasses liver)
Ductus arteriosus: diverts O2 & blood to aorta, away from lungs
Placenta: metabolic & gas exchange. Nutrition to fetus. Hormone production
Embryonic membrane: chorion (outer) & amnion (inner)
Amniotic fluid: produced from amniotic membrane. Fluid volume 800-1000 mL @ 34 weeks.
Acts as a cushion. 500-600 mL @ term.
Umbilical cord: 2 arteries, 1 vein. Wharton’s jelly (protects vessels). ~55 cm
Prenatal screening: family history, personal history, social history, lab work, BMI, pelvic exam,
breast exam
Prenatal exercise: aerobic, weight-bearing, strengthening
First prenatal visit:
• Pregnancy testing: vaginal exam, abdominal assessment, assess for fetal heartbeat,
EDC/EDB
• Lab: Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, HIV/Hep B, bloodtype/Rh, ultrasound
• Education: what to expect, signs & symptoms to report
• Nutrition: expected weight gain, nutritional needs, special dietary considerations
