BIOL 2420 Exam 2 Test Questions and Answers Rated A
Process by which chemical substances are acquired from
Nutrition
the environment and used in cellular activities.
Essential Nutrients Must be provided to an organism.
Required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell
structure and metabolism.
Macronutrients
Ex: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
Micronutrients aka "Trace Elements"
Required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function
and maintenance of protein structure.
Micronutrients
Ex: Manganese, zinc, nickel
Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the
Organic Nutrients
products of living things.
Atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms
Inorganic Nutrients
other than carbon and hydrogen.
Carbon and Hydrogen Organic nutrients contain and .
Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an
Growth Factors organism because they lack the genetic and metabolic
mechanisms to synthesize them.
70 Cell contents are % water.
Proteins Most prevalent organic compounds in cells.
% of cell is composed of
Carbon
96 Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
,BIOL 2420 Exam 2 Test Questions and Answers Rated A
Sulfur
Nitrogen
Atmosphere The main reservoir of nitrogen is the .
The primary sources of nitrogen for heterotrophs are
DNA, RNA, and ATP
, , and .
Some bacteria and algae use nitrogen sources.
Inorganic
(nitrate, nitrite, or ammonia)
Some bacteria can atmospheric nitrogen into a
Fix
form that is usable by living organisms.
Some bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form
Living Organisms
that is usable by .
Nitrogen must be converted to to be combined
Ammonia with carbon, in order to synthesize amino acids and other
compounds.
20 Oxygen makes up % of atmosphere.
Oxygen Essential to metabolism of many organisms.
Major component of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids,
Oxygen
and proteins.
Plays an important role in structural and enzymatic func-
Oxygen
tions of cell.
Oxygen Component of inorganic salts and water.
Major element in all organic compounds and several in-
Hydrogen
organic ones.
Major component in gases produced and used by mi-
Hydrogen
crobes.
Hydrogen Element responsible for maintaining pH.
Hydrogen Acceptor of oxygen during aerobic cellular respiration.
,BIOL 2420 Exam 2 Test Questions and Answers Rated A
Main inorganic source of phosphorus is derived
Phosphate from phosphoric acid found in rocks and oceanic mineral
deposits.
Phosphorus Key component of nucleic acids, essential to genetics.
Phosphorus Serves in energy transfers.
Sulfur Widely distributed in environment, rocks, sediment.
Essential component of some vitamins and some amino
Sulfur
acids.
Sulfur contributes to stability of proteins by forming
Disulfide
bonds.
Potassium Essential to protein synthesis and membrane function.
Sodium Important to some types of cell transport.
Component of chlorophyll; membrane and ribosome sta-
Magnesium
bilizer.
Iron Component of proteins of cell respiration.
Must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other
Heterotroph living organisms.
(proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids)
Organism that uses CO2, an *inorganic* gas, as its carbon
Autotroph source.
Not nutritionally dependent on other living things.
Gain energy from chemical compounds.
Chemotrophs (Such as organics like carbohydrates, or inorganic chem-
icals)
Gain energy from light (through photosynthesis); trans-
Phototrophs
form it into chemical energy to be used for metabolism.
, BIOL 2420 Exam 2 Test Questions and Answers Rated A
Get energy from light, and carbon from CO2 (include
Photoautotrophs
algae, cyanobacteria).
Derive all energy totally from inorganic substances, such
Chemoautotrophs as hydrogen gas, sulfur, or iron, which they combine with
CO2 and H2 to produce organic molecules and energy.
A kind of archaeon chemoautotroph; produce methane
Methanogens gas (by-produce) under anaerobic conditions by combin-
ing CO2 and H2.
Get energy from light, carbon from chemicals (include
Photoheterotroph
"purple and green" photosynthetic bacteria).
Chemoheterotrophs The majority of heterotrophs are .
Chemoheterotrophs use oxygen to break down organic
Aerobic Respiration
compounds (carbon source) to produce energy.
Saprobes and Parasites Two categories of chemoheterotrophic microbes.
Free-living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus
Saprobes
from dead organisms; fungi and certain bacteria.
Some can become opportunistic pathogens or
Saprobes
facultative parasites.
Normally nonpathogenic; cause disease in an immuno-
Opportunistic Pathogen
logically compromised host.
Facultative Parasite Not obligate; not restricted to a host.
Parasites Benefit by deriving nutrients at the expense of the host.
Obligate Parasite restricted to host.
If a pathogen does not take nutrients, it is not considered
Parasite
a .
Process by which saprobes secrete enzymes, break down
Extracellular Digestion
nutrients, then absorb smaller molecules.
Process by which chemical substances are acquired from
Nutrition
the environment and used in cellular activities.
Essential Nutrients Must be provided to an organism.
Required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell
structure and metabolism.
Macronutrients
Ex: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
Micronutrients aka "Trace Elements"
Required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function
and maintenance of protein structure.
Micronutrients
Ex: Manganese, zinc, nickel
Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the
Organic Nutrients
products of living things.
Atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms
Inorganic Nutrients
other than carbon and hydrogen.
Carbon and Hydrogen Organic nutrients contain and .
Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an
Growth Factors organism because they lack the genetic and metabolic
mechanisms to synthesize them.
70 Cell contents are % water.
Proteins Most prevalent organic compounds in cells.
% of cell is composed of
Carbon
96 Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
,BIOL 2420 Exam 2 Test Questions and Answers Rated A
Sulfur
Nitrogen
Atmosphere The main reservoir of nitrogen is the .
The primary sources of nitrogen for heterotrophs are
DNA, RNA, and ATP
, , and .
Some bacteria and algae use nitrogen sources.
Inorganic
(nitrate, nitrite, or ammonia)
Some bacteria can atmospheric nitrogen into a
Fix
form that is usable by living organisms.
Some bacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form
Living Organisms
that is usable by .
Nitrogen must be converted to to be combined
Ammonia with carbon, in order to synthesize amino acids and other
compounds.
20 Oxygen makes up % of atmosphere.
Oxygen Essential to metabolism of many organisms.
Major component of carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids,
Oxygen
and proteins.
Plays an important role in structural and enzymatic func-
Oxygen
tions of cell.
Oxygen Component of inorganic salts and water.
Major element in all organic compounds and several in-
Hydrogen
organic ones.
Major component in gases produced and used by mi-
Hydrogen
crobes.
Hydrogen Element responsible for maintaining pH.
Hydrogen Acceptor of oxygen during aerobic cellular respiration.
,BIOL 2420 Exam 2 Test Questions and Answers Rated A
Main inorganic source of phosphorus is derived
Phosphate from phosphoric acid found in rocks and oceanic mineral
deposits.
Phosphorus Key component of nucleic acids, essential to genetics.
Phosphorus Serves in energy transfers.
Sulfur Widely distributed in environment, rocks, sediment.
Essential component of some vitamins and some amino
Sulfur
acids.
Sulfur contributes to stability of proteins by forming
Disulfide
bonds.
Potassium Essential to protein synthesis and membrane function.
Sodium Important to some types of cell transport.
Component of chlorophyll; membrane and ribosome sta-
Magnesium
bilizer.
Iron Component of proteins of cell respiration.
Must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other
Heterotroph living organisms.
(proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids)
Organism that uses CO2, an *inorganic* gas, as its carbon
Autotroph source.
Not nutritionally dependent on other living things.
Gain energy from chemical compounds.
Chemotrophs (Such as organics like carbohydrates, or inorganic chem-
icals)
Gain energy from light (through photosynthesis); trans-
Phototrophs
form it into chemical energy to be used for metabolism.
, BIOL 2420 Exam 2 Test Questions and Answers Rated A
Get energy from light, and carbon from CO2 (include
Photoautotrophs
algae, cyanobacteria).
Derive all energy totally from inorganic substances, such
Chemoautotrophs as hydrogen gas, sulfur, or iron, which they combine with
CO2 and H2 to produce organic molecules and energy.
A kind of archaeon chemoautotroph; produce methane
Methanogens gas (by-produce) under anaerobic conditions by combin-
ing CO2 and H2.
Get energy from light, carbon from chemicals (include
Photoheterotroph
"purple and green" photosynthetic bacteria).
Chemoheterotrophs The majority of heterotrophs are .
Chemoheterotrophs use oxygen to break down organic
Aerobic Respiration
compounds (carbon source) to produce energy.
Saprobes and Parasites Two categories of chemoheterotrophic microbes.
Free-living microorganisms that feed on organic detritus
Saprobes
from dead organisms; fungi and certain bacteria.
Some can become opportunistic pathogens or
Saprobes
facultative parasites.
Normally nonpathogenic; cause disease in an immuno-
Opportunistic Pathogen
logically compromised host.
Facultative Parasite Not obligate; not restricted to a host.
Parasites Benefit by deriving nutrients at the expense of the host.
Obligate Parasite restricted to host.
If a pathogen does not take nutrients, it is not considered
Parasite
a .
Process by which saprobes secrete enzymes, break down
Extracellular Digestion
nutrients, then absorb smaller molecules.
