ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH AND
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (NRP 571)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026/2027
UPDATE | 100% CORRECT
1. In the PICO(T) format for formulating clinical questions, what does the ‘T’ represent?
A. Treatment
B. Target Population
C. Timeframe
D. Theory
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: In PICO(T), T stands for Time or Timeframe, which specifies the
duration needed to observe the outcome.
2. Which level of evidence is considered the highest in the hierarchy of evidence for evidence-
based practice?
A. Expert opinion
B. Single correlational studies
C. Systematic reviews of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
D. Case-control studies
,Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of all relevant RCTs
provide the strongest level of evidence for clinical decision-making.
3. A researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false. What type of error
has occurred?
A. Type I error
B. Systematic error
C. Standard error
D. Type II error
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: A Type II error occurs when the researcher accepts a false null
hypothesis (a ‘false negative’).
4. What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A. To protect the rights and welfare of human subjects
B. To secure funding for nursing research
C. To ensure the statistical validity of the study
D. To publish research findings in peer-reviewed journals
Answer: A
, Conceptual Explanation: The IRB’s primary mandate is to protect human subjects by
reviewing research protocols for ethical compliance.
5. Which qualitative research tradition focuses on the ‘lived experience’ of individuals?
A. Grounded Theory
B. Ethnography
C. Historical Research
D. Phenomenology
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Phenomenology seeks to understand the essence of a
phenomenon through the lived experiences of participants.
6. In a study examining the effect of exercise on blood pressure, what is the independent
variable?
A. Blood pressure
B. Duration of the study
C. Age of participants
D. Exercise
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The independent variable is the intervention or factor being
manipulated, which in this case is exercise.
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (NRP 571)
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 2026/2027
UPDATE | 100% CORRECT
1. In the PICO(T) format for formulating clinical questions, what does the ‘T’ represent?
A. Treatment
B. Target Population
C. Timeframe
D. Theory
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: In PICO(T), T stands for Time or Timeframe, which specifies the
duration needed to observe the outcome.
2. Which level of evidence is considered the highest in the hierarchy of evidence for evidence-
based practice?
A. Expert opinion
B. Single correlational studies
C. Systematic reviews of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
D. Case-control studies
,Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of all relevant RCTs
provide the strongest level of evidence for clinical decision-making.
3. A researcher fails to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false. What type of error
has occurred?
A. Type I error
B. Systematic error
C. Standard error
D. Type II error
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: A Type II error occurs when the researcher accepts a false null
hypothesis (a ‘false negative’).
4. What is the primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?
A. To protect the rights and welfare of human subjects
B. To secure funding for nursing research
C. To ensure the statistical validity of the study
D. To publish research findings in peer-reviewed journals
Answer: A
, Conceptual Explanation: The IRB’s primary mandate is to protect human subjects by
reviewing research protocols for ethical compliance.
5. Which qualitative research tradition focuses on the ‘lived experience’ of individuals?
A. Grounded Theory
B. Ethnography
C. Historical Research
D. Phenomenology
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Phenomenology seeks to understand the essence of a
phenomenon through the lived experiences of participants.
6. In a study examining the effect of exercise on blood pressure, what is the independent
variable?
A. Blood pressure
B. Duration of the study
C. Age of participants
D. Exercise
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: The independent variable is the intervention or factor being
manipulated, which in this case is exercise.
