Test Bank for Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry 5th Edition by T. W. Graham Solomons Complete Questions and Answers Study Guide for Students Preparing for Organic Chemistry Chemical Structures Reactions Functional Groups Nomenclature Stereochemistry Mecha

,Table of Contents Y1 Y1




Partialtable of contents:
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CarbonCompounds andChemical Bonds.
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Representative Carbon Compounds. Y1 Y1




An Introduction to Organic Reactions: Acids and Bases. Alkanes
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and Cycloalkanes: Conformations of Molecules.
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Stereochemistry: Chiral Molecules. Y1 Y1




Alkenes and Alkynes I: Properties and Synthesis.
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Alkenes and Alkynes II: Addition Reactions.
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Radical Reactions. Y1 Y1




AlcoholsandEthers. 1
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ConjugatedUnsaturatedSystems. 1
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Aromatic Compounds. Y1




ReactionsofAromatic Compounds. Y
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Aldehydes and Ketones I: Nucleophilic Additions to the Carbonyl Group.
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Aldehydes and Ketones II: Aldol Reactions. Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1 Y1




Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Nucleophilic Substitution a the Acyl
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Carbon.

Amines.

Carbohydrates.

Lipids.

AnswerstoSelectedProblems. 1
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Glossary.

Index.

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C OMPOUNDS Y 1 AND Y 1 C HEMICAL B ONDS Y 1




1.1 INTRODUCTION

1. Organicchemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon.
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2. The compounds of carbon are the central substances of which all living things on this
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planet are made.JY1 JY1




1) DNA: the giant molecules that contain all the genetic information for a given
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species.
2) proteins: blood, muscle, and skin. JY1 JY1 JY1




3) enzymes: catalyze the reactions that occur in our bodies. JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1




4) furnish the energy that sustains life.
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3. Billion years ago most of the carbon atoms on the earth existed as CH4:
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1) CH4, H2O, NH3, H2 were the main components of the primordial atmosphere.
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2) Electrical discharges and other forms of highly energetic radiation caused these
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simple compounds to fragment into highly reactive pieces which combine into more
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complex compounds such as amino acids, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide,
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purines, and pyrimidines. JY1 JY1




3) Amino acids reacted with each other to form the first protein.
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4) Formaldehyde reacted with each other to become sugars, and some of these sugars, JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1




together with inorganic phosphates, combined with purines and pyrimidines to
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become simple molecules of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) and DNA.
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4. We live in an Age of Organic Chemistry:
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1) clothing: J Y 1 J Y 1 natural or synthetic substance. JY1 JY1 JY1




2) householditems: JY1




3) automobiles:
4) medicines:
5) pesticides:

5. Pollutions:
1) insecticides: J Y 1 J Y 1 J Y 1 natural or synthetic substance. JY1 JY1 JY1




2) PCBs:

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3) dioxins:
4) CFCs:




1.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AS A SCIENCE
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1. The ancient Egyptians used indigo (藍靛) and alizarin (茜素) to dye cloth.
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2. The Phoenicians (腓尼基人) used the famous “royal purple (深藍紫色)”, obtained
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from mollusks (墨魚、章魚、貝殼等軟體動物), as a dyestuff.
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3. As a science, organic chemistry is less than 200 years old.
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1.2A Vitalism

“Organic” ––– derived from living organism JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 JY1 (In 1770, Torbern Bergman, Swedish
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chemist)
 the study of compounds extracted from living organisms
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 such compounds needed “vital force” to create them
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1. In 1828, Friedrich Wöhler Discovered:
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O
NH4+ −
OCN heat
H 2N C NH2
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Ammonium cyanate JY1 Urea JY1




(inorganic) (organic)


1.2 B Empirical and Molecular Formulas JY1 JY1 JY1




1. In J Y 1 1784 J Y 1 Antoine J Y 1 Lavoisier ( 法國化學家拉瓦錫) first J Y 1 J Y 1 J Y 1 J Y 1 showed J Y 1




that J Y 1 organic compounds were composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and
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oxygen.
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