Fluid and Electrolytes Q&A 2026/2027 (Answered)
Fluid and Electrolytes
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4sz0z1
1. Hyperkalemia-causes MACHINE
>Meds- ACE inhib, NSAIDS, Potossium sparing diuretic
>Acidosis- metabolic and resp
>Cellular destruction-burns, traumatic injury, hemolysis, tourniquet ap-
plication, phlebotomy
>Hypoaldosteronsim (Addison's)
>Intake- excessive
>Nephrons- renal failure
>Excretion- impaired
2. What is hyperkalemia *elevated potassium in the blood
*Meds and kidney damage can decrease urinary excretion of potassi-
um.
*in acidosis and cellular destruction potassium shifts from inside the cell
to the blood stream
3. S/S of hyperkalemia MURDER
*Muscle weakness, abdominal cramps
*Urine (oliguria, anuria)
*Resp distress
*decreased cardiac contractitily
*ECG changes (T tall, P small, QRS widened)
*reflexes, hyperreflexia, or areflexia (flaccid)
4. Potassium--what does *Potassium is necessary for the transmission of electrical impulses in the
it do heart and skeletal muscle
*Potassium is also a part of reactions that breakdown glucose for energy
*If can also help maintain acid base balance
*promotes contraction of skeletal and smooth muscles
*regulates acid base balance by cellular exchange of H ions.
5. Hyperkalemia-mgt
1 of 49
, Fluid and Electrolytes Q&A 2026/2027 (Answered)
Fluid and Electrolytes
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4sz0z1
KIND
*Kayexalate (oral/enema)
*Insulin and glucose >>> monitor sugar for diabetes keto acidosis
*Na HCO3
*Diuretic (Furosemide & Thiazides)
6. How the meds work hy- *Kayexalate works by drawing potassium into the colon
perkalemia *Insulin increases cellular permebaility to potassium
*Sodium Bracarbonate (NaHCO3) works by increasing blood pH which
in turn creates a shift of potassium into the cell as it shifts with the H ion
moving out of the cell.
*Diuretic increase potassium wasting through the urine
7. Hypernatremia- S/S FRIED
*Fever (low grad), flushed skin
*Restless (irritable)
*Increased fluid retention and *increased BP (tachycardia)
*Edema (peripheral and pitting)
*Decreased urinary output,
>dry mouth
>N/V
8. What is hyperantermia *elevated levels of sodium in the blood
*Sodium helps with blood pressure and blood volume.
*it is also necessary for muscle and nerve function
*it can be caused by excess sodium intake or decrease in free water which
lead to a higher concentration of sodium in the blood
9. S/S of hypernatermia DART
*delirium
*agitation
*restlessness
*twiching
2 of 49
, Fluid and Electrolytes Q&A 2026/2027 (Answered)
Fluid and Electrolytes
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4sz0z1
>convulsions
>comma
>Skin (flushed, dry)
>N, V, Anorexia
10. What is the cause of MODEL
Hypernatermia *Med/Meals
*Osmotic diuretic
*Diabetes insipidus (uncompensated)
*Excessive water loss
*low water intake
Severe GI loss (V/D)
IV (hypertonic, isotonic, NaHco3)
Renal disf (nephritis)
CHF
cirrhosis
11. Treatment for hy- *monitor (consciousness & seizure)
per-Na *hourly (VS, I&O, & oral hygiene)
Admi (HYPOTONIC soln)
12. S/S hypocalcemia CATS
convulsions
arrhythmias
tetany
spasms and stridor
+ve trousseau's chvostek's
ECG (ST lengthened, QT & PR >> prolonged)
PT
^ phosphorus
3 of 49
, Fluid and Electrolytes Q&A 2026/2027 (Answered)
Fluid and Electrolytes
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4sz0z1
13. What is hypocalcemia *Ca in the blood can be bound to proteins bound to anions like phos-
phate, or ionized
*Large amounts of Ca are stored in the bones
*Ca blocks sodium channels inhibit depolarization of muscle and nerve
fibers. The effects of hypocalecmeia are results of muscle fiber being
more excitable
14. Treatment for Hypo-Ca Calcium gluconate
15. Hyponatremia S/S SALT LOSS
Stupor/coma
Apprehension, headache confusion, depression convulsion, n/v
Lethargy
Tendon reflexes decreased
Limp muscles (weakness)
Orthostatic hypotension
Seizures/headache
Stomach cramping
16. Hyponatremia *is decreased levels of sodium in the blood
*It can be caused by inadequate sodium or excess free water which leads
to lower concentration of sodium
Treat c isotonic soln
*Sodium and potassium work together to allow depolarization of muscle
*Low sodium levels can limit this ability and cause muscle weakness
*Sodium in the blood helps maintain the oncotic pressure
*if fluid leaves the blood vessels that can lead to decreased blood pres-
sure
17. Electrolytes- Location PISO
in the body Potassium- Inside the cells
Potassium and Sodium Sodium - outside the cell
4 of 49
Fluid and Electrolytes
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4sz0z1
1. Hyperkalemia-causes MACHINE
>Meds- ACE inhib, NSAIDS, Potossium sparing diuretic
>Acidosis- metabolic and resp
>Cellular destruction-burns, traumatic injury, hemolysis, tourniquet ap-
plication, phlebotomy
>Hypoaldosteronsim (Addison's)
>Intake- excessive
>Nephrons- renal failure
>Excretion- impaired
2. What is hyperkalemia *elevated potassium in the blood
*Meds and kidney damage can decrease urinary excretion of potassi-
um.
*in acidosis and cellular destruction potassium shifts from inside the cell
to the blood stream
3. S/S of hyperkalemia MURDER
*Muscle weakness, abdominal cramps
*Urine (oliguria, anuria)
*Resp distress
*decreased cardiac contractitily
*ECG changes (T tall, P small, QRS widened)
*reflexes, hyperreflexia, or areflexia (flaccid)
4. Potassium--what does *Potassium is necessary for the transmission of electrical impulses in the
it do heart and skeletal muscle
*Potassium is also a part of reactions that breakdown glucose for energy
*If can also help maintain acid base balance
*promotes contraction of skeletal and smooth muscles
*regulates acid base balance by cellular exchange of H ions.
5. Hyperkalemia-mgt
1 of 49
, Fluid and Electrolytes Q&A 2026/2027 (Answered)
Fluid and Electrolytes
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4sz0z1
KIND
*Kayexalate (oral/enema)
*Insulin and glucose >>> monitor sugar for diabetes keto acidosis
*Na HCO3
*Diuretic (Furosemide & Thiazides)
6. How the meds work hy- *Kayexalate works by drawing potassium into the colon
perkalemia *Insulin increases cellular permebaility to potassium
*Sodium Bracarbonate (NaHCO3) works by increasing blood pH which
in turn creates a shift of potassium into the cell as it shifts with the H ion
moving out of the cell.
*Diuretic increase potassium wasting through the urine
7. Hypernatremia- S/S FRIED
*Fever (low grad), flushed skin
*Restless (irritable)
*Increased fluid retention and *increased BP (tachycardia)
*Edema (peripheral and pitting)
*Decreased urinary output,
>dry mouth
>N/V
8. What is hyperantermia *elevated levels of sodium in the blood
*Sodium helps with blood pressure and blood volume.
*it is also necessary for muscle and nerve function
*it can be caused by excess sodium intake or decrease in free water which
lead to a higher concentration of sodium in the blood
9. S/S of hypernatermia DART
*delirium
*agitation
*restlessness
*twiching
2 of 49
, Fluid and Electrolytes Q&A 2026/2027 (Answered)
Fluid and Electrolytes
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4sz0z1
>convulsions
>comma
>Skin (flushed, dry)
>N, V, Anorexia
10. What is the cause of MODEL
Hypernatermia *Med/Meals
*Osmotic diuretic
*Diabetes insipidus (uncompensated)
*Excessive water loss
*low water intake
Severe GI loss (V/D)
IV (hypertonic, isotonic, NaHco3)
Renal disf (nephritis)
CHF
cirrhosis
11. Treatment for hy- *monitor (consciousness & seizure)
per-Na *hourly (VS, I&O, & oral hygiene)
Admi (HYPOTONIC soln)
12. S/S hypocalcemia CATS
convulsions
arrhythmias
tetany
spasms and stridor
+ve trousseau's chvostek's
ECG (ST lengthened, QT & PR >> prolonged)
PT
^ phosphorus
3 of 49
, Fluid and Electrolytes Q&A 2026/2027 (Answered)
Fluid and Electrolytes
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_4sz0z1
13. What is hypocalcemia *Ca in the blood can be bound to proteins bound to anions like phos-
phate, or ionized
*Large amounts of Ca are stored in the bones
*Ca blocks sodium channels inhibit depolarization of muscle and nerve
fibers. The effects of hypocalecmeia are results of muscle fiber being
more excitable
14. Treatment for Hypo-Ca Calcium gluconate
15. Hyponatremia S/S SALT LOSS
Stupor/coma
Apprehension, headache confusion, depression convulsion, n/v
Lethargy
Tendon reflexes decreased
Limp muscles (weakness)
Orthostatic hypotension
Seizures/headache
Stomach cramping
16. Hyponatremia *is decreased levels of sodium in the blood
*It can be caused by inadequate sodium or excess free water which leads
to lower concentration of sodium
Treat c isotonic soln
*Sodium and potassium work together to allow depolarization of muscle
*Low sodium levels can limit this ability and cause muscle weakness
*Sodium in the blood helps maintain the oncotic pressure
*if fluid leaves the blood vessels that can lead to decreased blood pres-
sure
17. Electrolytes- Location PISO
in the body Potassium- Inside the cells
Potassium and Sodium Sodium - outside the cell
4 of 49
