ONS/ONCC FINAL STUDY GUIDE 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
◍ If innate immunity proves to be insufficient, what is mobilized? Ans:
adaptive immunity
◍ Adaptive immunity leads to what? Ans: immune system memory
related to a pathogen or foreign substance
◍ What are the three parts of adaptive immunity? Ans: humoral
immunity, cell mediated immunity, regulatory t-cells
◍ What is humoral immunity made up of? Ans: b lymphocytes,
memory b cells, and plasma to produce immunoglobulins or antibodies
◍ What is cell mediated immunity dependent on? Ans: cytotoxic t-cells,
helper t-cells and their cytokines
◍ What are regulatory t-cells also known as? Ans: supressor t-cells
◍ What do regulatory t-cells do? Ans: regulate the immune response to
prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses
, ◍ What are cytokines? Ans: cytokines are secreted by lymphocytes
with the intention of stimulating macrophages and cytotoxic t
lymphocytes to identify and kill pathogen infected cells or tumor cells
◍ What do proto-oncogenes do? Ans: regulate normal cell growth and
division.
◍ What are proto-oncogenes? Ans: they are a large family of genes that
code for proteins and enzymes that turn on the cell cycle
◍ If a mistake in copies of DNA occur next to a porto-oncogene, it can
"turn on" and become what? Ans: oncogene
◍ What are two examples of an oncogene? Ans: EGFR/Erb- B1 and
Erb-B2/HER2
◍ What is a very important tumor suppressor gene? Ans: p53
◍ What is the p53 gene also called? Ans: suicide gene
◍ What does neoadjuvant therapy refer to? Ans: treatment given as a
first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.
◍ If innate immunity proves to be insufficient, what is mobilized? Ans:
adaptive immunity
◍ Adaptive immunity leads to what? Ans: immune system memory
related to a pathogen or foreign substance
◍ What are the three parts of adaptive immunity? Ans: humoral
immunity, cell mediated immunity, regulatory t-cells
◍ What is humoral immunity made up of? Ans: b lymphocytes,
memory b cells, and plasma to produce immunoglobulins or antibodies
◍ What is cell mediated immunity dependent on? Ans: cytotoxic t-cells,
helper t-cells and their cytokines
◍ What are regulatory t-cells also known as? Ans: supressor t-cells
◍ What do regulatory t-cells do? Ans: regulate the immune response to
prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses
, ◍ What are cytokines? Ans: cytokines are secreted by lymphocytes
with the intention of stimulating macrophages and cytotoxic t
lymphocytes to identify and kill pathogen infected cells or tumor cells
◍ What do proto-oncogenes do? Ans: regulate normal cell growth and
division.
◍ What are proto-oncogenes? Ans: they are a large family of genes that
code for proteins and enzymes that turn on the cell cycle
◍ If a mistake in copies of DNA occur next to a porto-oncogene, it can
"turn on" and become what? Ans: oncogene
◍ What are two examples of an oncogene? Ans: EGFR/Erb- B1 and
Erb-B2/HER2
◍ What is a very important tumor suppressor gene? Ans: p53
◍ What is the p53 gene also called? Ans: suicide gene
◍ What does neoadjuvant therapy refer to? Ans: treatment given as a
first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment
