Grade 11 Science Study Notes - Canadian
Curriculum
Unit 1: Biology
Cell Biology
● Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all
cells arise from pre-existing cells.
● Types of Cells:
○ Prokaryotic: No nucleus, smaller, simpler (e.g., bacteria).
○ Eukaryotic: Nucleus present, larger, more complex (e.g., plant and animal cells).
Cell Structures and Functions
● Nucleus: Control center, contains DNA.
● Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, site of cellular respiration.
● Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
● Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier, regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
● Photosynthesis Equation:
○ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
● Cellular Respiration Equation:
○ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP)
Unit 2: Chemistry
Atomic Structure
● Atoms: Basic unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
● Periodic Table: Organized by increasing atomic number; groups/families share similar
properties.
Chemical Bonds
● Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals.
● Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between non-metals.
Chemical Reactions
● Types of Reactions:
Curriculum
Unit 1: Biology
Cell Biology
● Cell Theory: All living things are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all
cells arise from pre-existing cells.
● Types of Cells:
○ Prokaryotic: No nucleus, smaller, simpler (e.g., bacteria).
○ Eukaryotic: Nucleus present, larger, more complex (e.g., plant and animal cells).
Cell Structures and Functions
● Nucleus: Control center, contains DNA.
● Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, site of cellular respiration.
● Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
● Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier, regulates what enters and exits the cell.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
● Photosynthesis Equation:
○ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
● Cellular Respiration Equation:
○ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP)
Unit 2: Chemistry
Atomic Structure
● Atoms: Basic unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
● Periodic Table: Organized by increasing atomic number; groups/families share similar
properties.
Chemical Bonds
● Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between metals and non-metals.
● Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between non-metals.
Chemical Reactions
● Types of Reactions:
