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AICE PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2026 ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
ALREADY A GRADED WITH EXPERT
FEEDBACK |NEW AND REVISED
Dement & Kleitman - ANSWER- (sleep and dreams)
Biological
Laboratory
Dement & Kleitman Background - ANSWER- Sleep and dreaming are
hard to study because the participants are unresponsive; therefore
physiological measures are needed. Prior to this study psychologists
didn't know how to measure dreams, but a study by Aserinsky and
Kleitman in 1955 showed that we experience several REM and nREM
stages during the night. During REM sleep subjects recorded more
dream activity than in nREM sleep. Using an EEG machine, brain
activity and eye movement could be measured objectively.
Dement & Kleitman Aims: - ANSWER- Find out more about dreaming:
Does dream recall differ between eye movement (REM) and quiescent
(nREM) stages of sleep?
Is there a positive correlation between the subjective estimates of dream
duration and the length of the REM period before waking?
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Are eye movement patterns related to dream content?
Dement & Kleitman: Sample - ANSWER- -7 males and two female
adults
-5 were studied, 4 used to confirm results
Dement & Kleitman: Experimental Design: - ANSWER- Test
One:Repeated Measures (multiple sleep sessions)
Test Two: Correlation (Repeated Measures)
Test Three: Self Report compared to observed eye movements
Dement & Kleitman Controls: - ANSWER- -no caffeine or alcohol
-sufficiently loud waking doorbell
-experimenter only asked question after participant complete recording
-Reports not counted as dreams if participant couldn't remember content
or vaguely remembered
Dement & Kleitman (Test One) Variables: - ANSWER- -Independent
Variable: Waken from REM or nREM sleep
-Dependent Variable- If recalled dream
Dement & Kleitman (Test Two) Variables: - ANSWER- -Independent
Variable- Whether woken after 5 or 15 minutes
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-Dependent Variable- accuracy of dream length estimates & dream
description
Dement & Kleitman (Test Three) Variables: - ANSWER- -Independent
Variable- eye movement directions (horizontal/vertical/both/none)
-Dependent Variable- Dream content
Dement & Kleitman: What happened? - ANSWER- -Report to lab
before normal bedtime
-Slept in dark, quiet room with electrodes beside eyes and on scalp
(wires gathered into single cord, like ponytail to make it easy to move
around)
-Participants woken in REM or nREM sleep, but not told which.
-Asked to describe dream, and return to sleep.
-Weren't told EEG pattern of if eyes moved
Dement & Kleitman (Procedures specified by aims) Aim 1:- -
ANSWER- Participants woken from REM or nREM (not told which) in
different ways
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-After woken participants said if dreamed and described dream in a
recorder
-Experimenter occasionally entered room to ask questions about dream
-No further communication after
Dement & Kleitman-To test Aim 1, how were participants woken -
ANSWER- -random number table (PM and KC)
-three REM then three nREM (DN)
-told participants only REM, but randomly woken in either (WD)
-no specific order, experimenter chose (IR)
Dement & Kleitman (Procedures specified by aims) Aim 2:- -
ANSWER- -Participants woken after 5 or 15 minutes in REM (allowed
longer REM periods)
-Participants guess duration of dreaming
-Counted word count of dream narrative
Dement & Kleitman (Procedures specified by aims) Aim 3 - ANSWER-
-EEG detect direction of eye movement
AICE PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2026 ALL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES
ALREADY A GRADED WITH EXPERT
FEEDBACK |NEW AND REVISED
Dement & Kleitman - ANSWER- (sleep and dreams)
Biological
Laboratory
Dement & Kleitman Background - ANSWER- Sleep and dreaming are
hard to study because the participants are unresponsive; therefore
physiological measures are needed. Prior to this study psychologists
didn't know how to measure dreams, but a study by Aserinsky and
Kleitman in 1955 showed that we experience several REM and nREM
stages during the night. During REM sleep subjects recorded more
dream activity than in nREM sleep. Using an EEG machine, brain
activity and eye movement could be measured objectively.
Dement & Kleitman Aims: - ANSWER- Find out more about dreaming:
Does dream recall differ between eye movement (REM) and quiescent
(nREM) stages of sleep?
Is there a positive correlation between the subjective estimates of dream
duration and the length of the REM period before waking?
,2|Page
Are eye movement patterns related to dream content?
Dement & Kleitman: Sample - ANSWER- -7 males and two female
adults
-5 were studied, 4 used to confirm results
Dement & Kleitman: Experimental Design: - ANSWER- Test
One:Repeated Measures (multiple sleep sessions)
Test Two: Correlation (Repeated Measures)
Test Three: Self Report compared to observed eye movements
Dement & Kleitman Controls: - ANSWER- -no caffeine or alcohol
-sufficiently loud waking doorbell
-experimenter only asked question after participant complete recording
-Reports not counted as dreams if participant couldn't remember content
or vaguely remembered
Dement & Kleitman (Test One) Variables: - ANSWER- -Independent
Variable: Waken from REM or nREM sleep
-Dependent Variable- If recalled dream
Dement & Kleitman (Test Two) Variables: - ANSWER- -Independent
Variable- Whether woken after 5 or 15 minutes
,3|Page
-Dependent Variable- accuracy of dream length estimates & dream
description
Dement & Kleitman (Test Three) Variables: - ANSWER- -Independent
Variable- eye movement directions (horizontal/vertical/both/none)
-Dependent Variable- Dream content
Dement & Kleitman: What happened? - ANSWER- -Report to lab
before normal bedtime
-Slept in dark, quiet room with electrodes beside eyes and on scalp
(wires gathered into single cord, like ponytail to make it easy to move
around)
-Participants woken in REM or nREM sleep, but not told which.
-Asked to describe dream, and return to sleep.
-Weren't told EEG pattern of if eyes moved
Dement & Kleitman (Procedures specified by aims) Aim 1:- -
ANSWER- Participants woken from REM or nREM (not told which) in
different ways
, 4|Page
-After woken participants said if dreamed and described dream in a
recorder
-Experimenter occasionally entered room to ask questions about dream
-No further communication after
Dement & Kleitman-To test Aim 1, how were participants woken -
ANSWER- -random number table (PM and KC)
-three REM then three nREM (DN)
-told participants only REM, but randomly woken in either (WD)
-no specific order, experimenter chose (IR)
Dement & Kleitman (Procedures specified by aims) Aim 2:- -
ANSWER- -Participants woken after 5 or 15 minutes in REM (allowed
longer REM periods)
-Participants guess duration of dreaming
-Counted word count of dream narrative
Dement & Kleitman (Procedures specified by aims) Aim 3 - ANSWER-
-EEG detect direction of eye movement
