AQA A LEVEL GEOGRAPHY 7033
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ cardiac output. Answer: The volume of blood pumped out from the
hearts left ventricle in one minute.
stroke volume x heart rate
◉ stroke volume. Answer: the volume of blood pumped by the left
ventricle in each contraction
◉ heart rate. Answer: number of beats per minute
◉ bradycardia. Answer: resting heart rate below 60bpm
◉ venous return. Answer: the volume of blood returned to the hearts
right atrium per min via the veins
◉ max heart rate. Answer: 220-age
,◉ starlings law. Answer: greater stretch of cardiac muscle leads to the
greater the force of contraction, the greater the ejection faction/stroke
vol
◉ cardiac hypertrophy. Answer: increased cardiac muscle mass
◉ cardiac conduction system. Answer: a group of specialised cardiac
muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart tissue
◉ sinoatrial node. Answer: pacemaker of the heart
◉ atrioventricular node. Answer: where the impulse pauses in the
cardiac conduction system
◉ Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS). Answer: 'Fight or flight' - speeds
up heart rate
◉ parasympathetic nervous system. Answer: Maintains heart rate at rest
- slows down heart rate
◉ Anticipatory Rise. Answer: Increase in heart rate prior to an event
caused by adrenaline
◉ Myogenic. Answer: generated within muscle tissue
,◉ vascular shunting. Answer: Blood can be redistributed to body parts
◉ Chemoreceptors. Answer: Detect changes in chemicals eg CO2, lactic
acid
◉ medulla oblongata. Answer: In the brain, where Cardiac control
centre and respiratory control centre are found
◉ tidal volume. Answer: Amount of air that moves in and out of the
lungs per breath
◉ inspiratory reserve volume. Answer: maximum amount of air that can
be forcebly inspired in addition to tidal volume
◉ expiratory reserve volume. Answer: maximum amount of air that can
be forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume
◉ vital capacity. Answer: Maximum volume of air exhaled after a
maximal inspiration
◉ residual volume. Answer: Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a
maximal expiration
, ◉ total lung capacity. Answer: vital capacity + residual volume
◉ minute ventilation. Answer: The amount of air moved in or out of the
lungs per min
◉ bohr shift. Answer: Occurs when an increase in CO2 acidity and
temperature results in a reduction in the affinity of haemoglobin for
oxygen.
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right.
◉ role of the inspiratory centre. Answer: responsible for inspiration and
expiration
◉ role of the expiratory centre. Answer: stimulates the expiratory
muscles during exercise
◉ The order of neural/chemical control for increased inspiration during
exercise is:. Answer: Receptors - medulla oblongata - phrenic nerve -
inspiratory muscles (diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes and
pectoralis minor)
◉ The order of neural/chemical control for expiration during exercise
is:. Answer: Receptors - medulla oblongata - intercostal nerve -
abdominals and internal intercostals
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ cardiac output. Answer: The volume of blood pumped out from the
hearts left ventricle in one minute.
stroke volume x heart rate
◉ stroke volume. Answer: the volume of blood pumped by the left
ventricle in each contraction
◉ heart rate. Answer: number of beats per minute
◉ bradycardia. Answer: resting heart rate below 60bpm
◉ venous return. Answer: the volume of blood returned to the hearts
right atrium per min via the veins
◉ max heart rate. Answer: 220-age
,◉ starlings law. Answer: greater stretch of cardiac muscle leads to the
greater the force of contraction, the greater the ejection faction/stroke
vol
◉ cardiac hypertrophy. Answer: increased cardiac muscle mass
◉ cardiac conduction system. Answer: a group of specialised cardiac
muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart tissue
◉ sinoatrial node. Answer: pacemaker of the heart
◉ atrioventricular node. Answer: where the impulse pauses in the
cardiac conduction system
◉ Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS). Answer: 'Fight or flight' - speeds
up heart rate
◉ parasympathetic nervous system. Answer: Maintains heart rate at rest
- slows down heart rate
◉ Anticipatory Rise. Answer: Increase in heart rate prior to an event
caused by adrenaline
◉ Myogenic. Answer: generated within muscle tissue
,◉ vascular shunting. Answer: Blood can be redistributed to body parts
◉ Chemoreceptors. Answer: Detect changes in chemicals eg CO2, lactic
acid
◉ medulla oblongata. Answer: In the brain, where Cardiac control
centre and respiratory control centre are found
◉ tidal volume. Answer: Amount of air that moves in and out of the
lungs per breath
◉ inspiratory reserve volume. Answer: maximum amount of air that can
be forcebly inspired in addition to tidal volume
◉ expiratory reserve volume. Answer: maximum amount of air that can
be forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume
◉ vital capacity. Answer: Maximum volume of air exhaled after a
maximal inspiration
◉ residual volume. Answer: Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a
maximal expiration
, ◉ total lung capacity. Answer: vital capacity + residual volume
◉ minute ventilation. Answer: The amount of air moved in or out of the
lungs per min
◉ bohr shift. Answer: Occurs when an increase in CO2 acidity and
temperature results in a reduction in the affinity of haemoglobin for
oxygen.
Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right.
◉ role of the inspiratory centre. Answer: responsible for inspiration and
expiration
◉ role of the expiratory centre. Answer: stimulates the expiratory
muscles during exercise
◉ The order of neural/chemical control for increased inspiration during
exercise is:. Answer: Receptors - medulla oblongata - phrenic nerve -
inspiratory muscles (diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes and
pectoralis minor)
◉ The order of neural/chemical control for expiration during exercise
is:. Answer: Receptors - medulla oblongata - intercostal nerve -
abdominals and internal intercostals
