MCAT EXAM – QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | VERIFIED AND WELL DETAILED ANSWERS | PLUS
RATIONALES | GUARANTEED PASS | LATEST EXAM UPDATE
resolution -CORRECT ANSWER-differentiate close objects
magnification -CORRECT ANSWER-increase size
eyepiece magnification -CORRECT ANSWER-10x
objective magnification -CORRECT ANSWER-4x,10x,20x, 100x
Cell Theory -CORRECT ANSWER--all living things composed of cells
-cell=basic functional unit of life
-cells from other cells only
-cells have DNA (parent-->daughter cells)
total magnification -CORRECT ANSWER-eyepiece x objective
diaphragm (microscope) -CORRECT ANSWER-controls light
image contrast
hematoxylin -CORRECT ANSWER--commonly used dye
-shows nucleic acids (DNA,RNA)
how does the dye hematoxylin show nucleic acids? -CORRECT ANSWER-binds to the negative
sugar-phosphate backbone
phase contrast microscope -CORRECT ANSWER--living organisms
-differences in refractive indices among different subcellular structures
electron microscope -CORRECT ANSWER--atomic level
-samples must be sliced thinly and impregnated with heavy metals for contrast
prokaryotes -CORRECT ANSWER-before nuclei (no nuclei)
eukaryotes -CORRECT ANSWER-after nuclei
types of prokaryotes -CORRECT ANSWER-bacteria and blue-green algae
prokaryote characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER--unicellular
-no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
,-cell wall in all
-ability to carry other pieces of DNA
What type of genetic material is present within prokaryotes? -CORRECT ANSWER--single
circle molecule of DNA
-within nucleoid region
plasmids -CORRECT ANSWER--circular DNA
-small
-few genes
-replicate independently
cocci -CORRECT ANSWER-spherical bacteria
bacilli -CORRECT ANSWER-rod-shaped bacteria
how do antibacterials work? -CORRECT ANSWER-tend to attack bacterial specific structures
Eukaryote characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER--protists, fungi, plants, and animals
-cell walls in fungi and plants
-nucleus
-unicellular or multicellular
cytoskeleton proteins -CORRECT ANSWER--actin filaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules
Smallest cytoskeleton proteins -CORRECT ANSWER-actin filaments
largest cytoskeleton proteins -CORRECT ANSWER-microtubules
phospholipid bilayer -CORRECT ANSWER--hydrophobic nonpolar tail
-hydrophilic polar head
-cholesterol molecules
purpose of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer -CORRECT ANSWER-regulate fluidity
transport proteins -CORRECT ANSWER--control entry/exit
-polar molecules and ions allowed through
cell adhesion molecule purpose -CORRECT ANSWER--CAMs
,-allow cells to recognize each other
-proper cell differentiation and development
nucleus membrane -CORRECT ANSWER--double membrane
-nuclear membrane/envelope
purpose of nucleolus -CORRECT ANSWER-ribosomal RNA synthesized (rRNA)
Ribosomes -CORRECT ANSWER--protein production
-free and bound types
Endoplasmic Reticulum -CORRECT ANSWER--production and sorting of materials from cell
smooth ER purpose -CORRECT ANSWER-lipid synthesis and detox drugs/poisons
rough ER purpose -CORRECT ANSWER-protein production
Golgi structure -CORRECT ANSWER-membrane bound sacs
golgi purpose -CORRECT ANSWER--receives from smooth ER
-repackages to cell surface via secretory vescicles
lysosomes -CORRECT ANSWER--'garbage dumps'
-receives from endosomes
-uses hydrolytic enzymes at lowered pH
-break down materials
-remove old cell components and replace
-can cause autolysis
autolysis -CORRECT ANSWER-cell suicide
mitochondria -CORRECT ANSWER-powerhouse
-2 layers
-semi-autonomous
-inherited only from the mother
2 layers of mitochondria -CORRECT ANSWER-outer-walls
inner-electron transport chain
what is the purpose of cristae on mitochondria? -CORRECT ANSWER-increase surface area
semi-autonomous -CORRECT ANSWER-own genes
, -replicate independently
types of microbodies -CORRECT ANSWER--peroxisomes
-glyoxysomes
peroxisomes -CORRECT ANSWER--create hydrogen peroxide
-break down fats
-catalyze detox
glyoxysomes -CORRECT ANSWER--germinating plants
-convert fats to sugars
chloroplasts -CORRECT ANSWER--in plants and algae
-powerhouse
-contain chlorophyll
-generation of energy
-own DNA
plant cell wall composition -CORRECT ANSWER-cellulose
fungi cell wall composition -CORRECT ANSWER-chitin
animal cell wall composition -CORRECT ANSWER-no cell wall!!
centrioles -CORRECT ANSWER--specialized microtubules
-spindle formation
-no membrane
-in animals not in plants
microfilaments -CORRECT ANSWER--rods of actin
-muscular contraction with interaction with myosin
-movement of materials within cell membrane
microtubules -CORRECT ANSWER--hollow
-polymers of tubulin
-throughout cell
-transport and structural support
-structural basis for cilia and flagella
RATIONALES | GUARANTEED PASS | LATEST EXAM UPDATE
resolution -CORRECT ANSWER-differentiate close objects
magnification -CORRECT ANSWER-increase size
eyepiece magnification -CORRECT ANSWER-10x
objective magnification -CORRECT ANSWER-4x,10x,20x, 100x
Cell Theory -CORRECT ANSWER--all living things composed of cells
-cell=basic functional unit of life
-cells from other cells only
-cells have DNA (parent-->daughter cells)
total magnification -CORRECT ANSWER-eyepiece x objective
diaphragm (microscope) -CORRECT ANSWER-controls light
image contrast
hematoxylin -CORRECT ANSWER--commonly used dye
-shows nucleic acids (DNA,RNA)
how does the dye hematoxylin show nucleic acids? -CORRECT ANSWER-binds to the negative
sugar-phosphate backbone
phase contrast microscope -CORRECT ANSWER--living organisms
-differences in refractive indices among different subcellular structures
electron microscope -CORRECT ANSWER--atomic level
-samples must be sliced thinly and impregnated with heavy metals for contrast
prokaryotes -CORRECT ANSWER-before nuclei (no nuclei)
eukaryotes -CORRECT ANSWER-after nuclei
types of prokaryotes -CORRECT ANSWER-bacteria and blue-green algae
prokaryote characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER--unicellular
-no nucleus or membrane bound organelles
,-cell wall in all
-ability to carry other pieces of DNA
What type of genetic material is present within prokaryotes? -CORRECT ANSWER--single
circle molecule of DNA
-within nucleoid region
plasmids -CORRECT ANSWER--circular DNA
-small
-few genes
-replicate independently
cocci -CORRECT ANSWER-spherical bacteria
bacilli -CORRECT ANSWER-rod-shaped bacteria
how do antibacterials work? -CORRECT ANSWER-tend to attack bacterial specific structures
Eukaryote characteristics -CORRECT ANSWER--protists, fungi, plants, and animals
-cell walls in fungi and plants
-nucleus
-unicellular or multicellular
cytoskeleton proteins -CORRECT ANSWER--actin filaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules
Smallest cytoskeleton proteins -CORRECT ANSWER-actin filaments
largest cytoskeleton proteins -CORRECT ANSWER-microtubules
phospholipid bilayer -CORRECT ANSWER--hydrophobic nonpolar tail
-hydrophilic polar head
-cholesterol molecules
purpose of cholesterol in phospholipid bilayer -CORRECT ANSWER-regulate fluidity
transport proteins -CORRECT ANSWER--control entry/exit
-polar molecules and ions allowed through
cell adhesion molecule purpose -CORRECT ANSWER--CAMs
,-allow cells to recognize each other
-proper cell differentiation and development
nucleus membrane -CORRECT ANSWER--double membrane
-nuclear membrane/envelope
purpose of nucleolus -CORRECT ANSWER-ribosomal RNA synthesized (rRNA)
Ribosomes -CORRECT ANSWER--protein production
-free and bound types
Endoplasmic Reticulum -CORRECT ANSWER--production and sorting of materials from cell
smooth ER purpose -CORRECT ANSWER-lipid synthesis and detox drugs/poisons
rough ER purpose -CORRECT ANSWER-protein production
Golgi structure -CORRECT ANSWER-membrane bound sacs
golgi purpose -CORRECT ANSWER--receives from smooth ER
-repackages to cell surface via secretory vescicles
lysosomes -CORRECT ANSWER--'garbage dumps'
-receives from endosomes
-uses hydrolytic enzymes at lowered pH
-break down materials
-remove old cell components and replace
-can cause autolysis
autolysis -CORRECT ANSWER-cell suicide
mitochondria -CORRECT ANSWER-powerhouse
-2 layers
-semi-autonomous
-inherited only from the mother
2 layers of mitochondria -CORRECT ANSWER-outer-walls
inner-electron transport chain
what is the purpose of cristae on mitochondria? -CORRECT ANSWER-increase surface area
semi-autonomous -CORRECT ANSWER-own genes
, -replicate independently
types of microbodies -CORRECT ANSWER--peroxisomes
-glyoxysomes
peroxisomes -CORRECT ANSWER--create hydrogen peroxide
-break down fats
-catalyze detox
glyoxysomes -CORRECT ANSWER--germinating plants
-convert fats to sugars
chloroplasts -CORRECT ANSWER--in plants and algae
-powerhouse
-contain chlorophyll
-generation of energy
-own DNA
plant cell wall composition -CORRECT ANSWER-cellulose
fungi cell wall composition -CORRECT ANSWER-chitin
animal cell wall composition -CORRECT ANSWER-no cell wall!!
centrioles -CORRECT ANSWER--specialized microtubules
-spindle formation
-no membrane
-in animals not in plants
microfilaments -CORRECT ANSWER--rods of actin
-muscular contraction with interaction with myosin
-movement of materials within cell membrane
microtubules -CORRECT ANSWER--hollow
-polymers of tubulin
-throughout cell
-transport and structural support
-structural basis for cilia and flagella
