CVRN STUDY GUIDE ALL ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
SET A+
✔✔DASH diet - ✔✔Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
2100-calorie diet
Total fat: 27%
Saturated fat: 6%
Protein: 18%
Carbohydrates: 55%
Cholesteral <150 mg/day
Na 1500-3000 mg/day
6-8 servings whole grains
4-5 servings fruit/veggies
30 g fiber
6 oz of lean meat
4-5 servings per week nuts/seeds/legumes
5 or less sweets/added sugars per week
✔✔Absolute vs relative hypovolemia - ✔✔Absolute - internal shifting of fluid or external
loss of fluid (hemorrhage, vomiting, spleen rupture)
Relative - vasodilation, increased cap membrane permeability from sepsis/injury, and
decreased colloidal membrane permeability from loss of Na (hypopituitarism or
cirrhosis)
✔✔HTN risk for old vs young - ✔✔>50 years old systolic pressure >140 increases risk
of cardiovascular disease
<50 years old diastolic pressure >80 is a greater risk or cardiovascular disease
avoid caffeine, exercise, and smoking 30 min before BP exam
, ✔✔Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) - ✔✔>50% reduction in platelet count
within 7-10 days of exposure of heparin
-Severe form results in global thromboembolism due to immune reaction with platelet
factor 4
doesn't necessarily increase patient's risk of hemorrhage
Treatment: discontinue heparin and give direct thrombin inhibitors (lepirudin,
argatroban)
✔✔Endothelia dysfunction - ✔✔key in development of atherosclerosis and hypertension
it is associated with hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes, and lack of exercise
✔✔Exercise stress test - ✔✔goal is to raise HR to 80-90% of that predicted for the age
and gender of the patient
absolute indication for stopping
- BP decrease of 10 mmHg or more from baseline, despite increased workload with
evidence of ischemia
- moderate to severe angina
cyanosis/pallor, dizziness, ataxia
- sustained ventricular tachycardia
- ST segment elevation of 10 mm or more in leads without Q waves (V1 or Vr)
- patient wishes to stop
✔✔Bruce protocol - ✔✔cardiac stress test where speed and grade are changed every 3
min
✔✔Endocarditis - ✔✔janeway lesions
splinter hemorrhages
Roth's spots
petechiae on oral mucosa
glomerulonephritis
can cause:
low grade fever, weight loss, malaise, splenomegaly, and anemia
✔✔pericarditis - ✔✔chest pain
mild fever
increased ESR
increased WBC
increased friction rub
aortic valve dysfunction or mitral valve insufficiency
SET A+
✔✔DASH diet - ✔✔Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
2100-calorie diet
Total fat: 27%
Saturated fat: 6%
Protein: 18%
Carbohydrates: 55%
Cholesteral <150 mg/day
Na 1500-3000 mg/day
6-8 servings whole grains
4-5 servings fruit/veggies
30 g fiber
6 oz of lean meat
4-5 servings per week nuts/seeds/legumes
5 or less sweets/added sugars per week
✔✔Absolute vs relative hypovolemia - ✔✔Absolute - internal shifting of fluid or external
loss of fluid (hemorrhage, vomiting, spleen rupture)
Relative - vasodilation, increased cap membrane permeability from sepsis/injury, and
decreased colloidal membrane permeability from loss of Na (hypopituitarism or
cirrhosis)
✔✔HTN risk for old vs young - ✔✔>50 years old systolic pressure >140 increases risk
of cardiovascular disease
<50 years old diastolic pressure >80 is a greater risk or cardiovascular disease
avoid caffeine, exercise, and smoking 30 min before BP exam
, ✔✔Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) - ✔✔>50% reduction in platelet count
within 7-10 days of exposure of heparin
-Severe form results in global thromboembolism due to immune reaction with platelet
factor 4
doesn't necessarily increase patient's risk of hemorrhage
Treatment: discontinue heparin and give direct thrombin inhibitors (lepirudin,
argatroban)
✔✔Endothelia dysfunction - ✔✔key in development of atherosclerosis and hypertension
it is associated with hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes, and lack of exercise
✔✔Exercise stress test - ✔✔goal is to raise HR to 80-90% of that predicted for the age
and gender of the patient
absolute indication for stopping
- BP decrease of 10 mmHg or more from baseline, despite increased workload with
evidence of ischemia
- moderate to severe angina
cyanosis/pallor, dizziness, ataxia
- sustained ventricular tachycardia
- ST segment elevation of 10 mm or more in leads without Q waves (V1 or Vr)
- patient wishes to stop
✔✔Bruce protocol - ✔✔cardiac stress test where speed and grade are changed every 3
min
✔✔Endocarditis - ✔✔janeway lesions
splinter hemorrhages
Roth's spots
petechiae on oral mucosa
glomerulonephritis
can cause:
low grade fever, weight loss, malaise, splenomegaly, and anemia
✔✔pericarditis - ✔✔chest pain
mild fever
increased ESR
increased WBC
increased friction rub
aortic valve dysfunction or mitral valve insufficiency
