USF BSC 2011 Final Exam 2 Questions
with Rationales 2026-2027 Updated.
protists - Answer diverse, mostly unicellular groups of eukaryotes
0.5-2 micrometers in diameter-as small as prokaryotes
refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi
domain Eukarya
cytoskeleton - Answer provides the structural support that enables eukaryotic cells to have
asymmetric (irregular) forms and change shape as they feed, move or grow
mixotroph - Answer combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
endosymbiosis - Answer a relationship between two species in which one organism lives
inside the cell or cells of another organism (the host)
secondary endosymbiosis - Answer meaning they were ingested in the food vacuoles of
heterotrophic eukaryotes and became endosymbionts themselves
excavata - Answer a clade that was originally proposed based on morphological studies of the
cytoskeleton
"excavated" feeding groove on one side of the cell body
mitosomes - Answer reduced mitochondria that lack funtional electron transport chains and
cannot use oxygen to help extract energy from carbohydrates
get the energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways
eukaryotic flagella - Answer extensions of the cytoplasm, consisting of bundles of
microtubules covered by the cell's plasma membranes
prokaryotic flagella - Answer filaments composed of globular proteins attached to the cell
surface
hydrogenosomes - Answer these organeles generate some energy anaerobically, releasing
hydrogen gas as a by-product
,euglenozoans - Answer presence of a rod with a spiral or crystalline structure inside each of
their flagella
a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs,
and parasites
kinetoplastids - Answer a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA
called kinetoplast
euglenid - Answer have a pocket at one end of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge
SAR clade - Answer stramenopiles, alvelates, rhizarians
based on whole-genome DNA sequence analyses
stramenopiles - Answer have characteristic flagellumm, which has numerous fine, hairlike
projections
three groups: diatoms, golden algae, brown algae
diatoms - Answer unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide
embedded in an organic matrix
most abundant photosynthetic organisms both in ocean and lakes
golden algae - Answer results from their yellow and brown carotenoids
biflagellated, with both flagella attached near one end of the cell
components of freshwater and marine plankton communities
drift in currents near water's surface
all photosynthetic some mixotrophic
alternation of generations - Answer the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms
applies only to life cycles in which both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular
heteromorphic - Answer the sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different
isomorphic - Answer the sporophytes and gametophytes look similar to each other, although
they differ in chromosome number
alveolates - Answer membrane-enclosed sacs just under the plasma membrane
abundant in many habitats
,include wide range of photosynthetic and heterotrophic protists
three clades: dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates
dinoflagellates - Answer reinforced by cellulose plates, two flagella located in grooves in this
"armor"
red tide - Answer usually caused by dinoflagellates
appear brownish red or pink because of the presence of carotenoids
toxins produced by certain dinoflagellates have caused massive kills of invertebrates and fishes
apicomplexans - Answer all are parasites of animals
all animal species are attacked by these
one end (the apex) of the sporozoite cell contains a complex of organelles specialized for
penetrating host cells and tissues
most have life cycles with both sexual and asexual stages
ciliates - Answer named for their use of cilia to move and feed
completely cover the cell surface or may be clusteered in a few rows or tufts
some scurry on leg-like structurs constructed from many cilia bonded together
most are predators
generally reproduce asexually by binary fission
conjugation - Answer a sexual process in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei
but do not reproduce
rhizarians - Answer many are amoebas
three groups: radiolarians, forams, cercozoans
amoebas - Answer protists that move and feed by means of pseudopodia
pseudopodia - Answer extensions that may bulge from almost anywhere on the cell surface
radiolarians - Answer have delicate, intricately symmetrical internal skeletons that are
generally made of silica
pseudopodia raidate from central body and are reinforced by bundles of microtubules which are
covered by a thin layer of cytoplasm
, foraminiferans (forams) - Answer named for their porous shells called tests
found in both ocean and fresh water
most live in sand or attach themselves to rocks or algae
tests - Answer consist of a single piece of organic material hardened with calcium carbonate,
the pseudopodia that extend through the pores functioning swimming, test formation, and
feeding
cercozoans - Answer a large group of amoeboid and flagellated protist that feed using
threadlike pseudopodia
inhabit marine, freshwater, and soil ecosystems
archaeplastida - Answer a monophyletic group that descended from the ancient prostist that
engulfed a cynobacteria
include red algae and green algae
rhodophytes - Answer red algae
reddish due to synthetic pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green chlorophyll
most are multicellular
most abundant in warm coastal waters or tropical oceans
do not have flagellated gametes so they depend on water currents to bring gametes together
for fertilization
green algae - Answer have a structure and pigment composition much like the chloroplasts of
land plants
divided into two gouts: chlorophytes and charophytes
chlorophytes - Answer unicellular species live independently in aquatic habitats or in damp
soil
live symbiotically with other eukaryotes
charophytes - Answer most related to land plants
amoebozoan - Answer many species of amoebas that have lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia,
that than the threadlike pseudopodia found in rhizarians
include slime molds tubulinids and entamoebas
with Rationales 2026-2027 Updated.
protists - Answer diverse, mostly unicellular groups of eukaryotes
0.5-2 micrometers in diameter-as small as prokaryotes
refer to eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi
domain Eukarya
cytoskeleton - Answer provides the structural support that enables eukaryotic cells to have
asymmetric (irregular) forms and change shape as they feed, move or grow
mixotroph - Answer combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
endosymbiosis - Answer a relationship between two species in which one organism lives
inside the cell or cells of another organism (the host)
secondary endosymbiosis - Answer meaning they were ingested in the food vacuoles of
heterotrophic eukaryotes and became endosymbionts themselves
excavata - Answer a clade that was originally proposed based on morphological studies of the
cytoskeleton
"excavated" feeding groove on one side of the cell body
mitosomes - Answer reduced mitochondria that lack funtional electron transport chains and
cannot use oxygen to help extract energy from carbohydrates
get the energy from anaerobic biochemical pathways
eukaryotic flagella - Answer extensions of the cytoplasm, consisting of bundles of
microtubules covered by the cell's plasma membranes
prokaryotic flagella - Answer filaments composed of globular proteins attached to the cell
surface
hydrogenosomes - Answer these organeles generate some energy anaerobically, releasing
hydrogen gas as a by-product
,euglenozoans - Answer presence of a rod with a spiral or crystalline structure inside each of
their flagella
a diverse clade that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs,
and parasites
kinetoplastids - Answer a single, large mitochondrion that contains an organized mass of DNA
called kinetoplast
euglenid - Answer have a pocket at one end of the cell from which one or two flagella emerge
SAR clade - Answer stramenopiles, alvelates, rhizarians
based on whole-genome DNA sequence analyses
stramenopiles - Answer have characteristic flagellumm, which has numerous fine, hairlike
projections
three groups: diatoms, golden algae, brown algae
diatoms - Answer unicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of silicon dioxide
embedded in an organic matrix
most abundant photosynthetic organisms both in ocean and lakes
golden algae - Answer results from their yellow and brown carotenoids
biflagellated, with both flagella attached near one end of the cell
components of freshwater and marine plankton communities
drift in currents near water's surface
all photosynthetic some mixotrophic
alternation of generations - Answer the alternation of multicellular haploid and diploid forms
applies only to life cycles in which both haploid and diploid stages are multicellular
heteromorphic - Answer the sporophytes and gametophytes are structurally different
isomorphic - Answer the sporophytes and gametophytes look similar to each other, although
they differ in chromosome number
alveolates - Answer membrane-enclosed sacs just under the plasma membrane
abundant in many habitats
,include wide range of photosynthetic and heterotrophic protists
three clades: dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates
dinoflagellates - Answer reinforced by cellulose plates, two flagella located in grooves in this
"armor"
red tide - Answer usually caused by dinoflagellates
appear brownish red or pink because of the presence of carotenoids
toxins produced by certain dinoflagellates have caused massive kills of invertebrates and fishes
apicomplexans - Answer all are parasites of animals
all animal species are attacked by these
one end (the apex) of the sporozoite cell contains a complex of organelles specialized for
penetrating host cells and tissues
most have life cycles with both sexual and asexual stages
ciliates - Answer named for their use of cilia to move and feed
completely cover the cell surface or may be clusteered in a few rows or tufts
some scurry on leg-like structurs constructed from many cilia bonded together
most are predators
generally reproduce asexually by binary fission
conjugation - Answer a sexual process in which two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei
but do not reproduce
rhizarians - Answer many are amoebas
three groups: radiolarians, forams, cercozoans
amoebas - Answer protists that move and feed by means of pseudopodia
pseudopodia - Answer extensions that may bulge from almost anywhere on the cell surface
radiolarians - Answer have delicate, intricately symmetrical internal skeletons that are
generally made of silica
pseudopodia raidate from central body and are reinforced by bundles of microtubules which are
covered by a thin layer of cytoplasm
, foraminiferans (forams) - Answer named for their porous shells called tests
found in both ocean and fresh water
most live in sand or attach themselves to rocks or algae
tests - Answer consist of a single piece of organic material hardened with calcium carbonate,
the pseudopodia that extend through the pores functioning swimming, test formation, and
feeding
cercozoans - Answer a large group of amoeboid and flagellated protist that feed using
threadlike pseudopodia
inhabit marine, freshwater, and soil ecosystems
archaeplastida - Answer a monophyletic group that descended from the ancient prostist that
engulfed a cynobacteria
include red algae and green algae
rhodophytes - Answer red algae
reddish due to synthetic pigment called phycoerythrin, which masks the green chlorophyll
most are multicellular
most abundant in warm coastal waters or tropical oceans
do not have flagellated gametes so they depend on water currents to bring gametes together
for fertilization
green algae - Answer have a structure and pigment composition much like the chloroplasts of
land plants
divided into two gouts: chlorophytes and charophytes
chlorophytes - Answer unicellular species live independently in aquatic habitats or in damp
soil
live symbiotically with other eukaryotes
charophytes - Answer most related to land plants
amoebozoan - Answer many species of amoebas that have lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia,
that than the threadlike pseudopodia found in rhizarians
include slime molds tubulinids and entamoebas
