NURS 4581 CC Exam 2 | Questions with 100% Verified Answers | Latest
Update
Question: Cardiac Output (CO)
Answer:
4-8 L/min HR × Stroke Volume = amount of blood pumped per minute
Question: Stroke Volume (SV)
Answer:
60-100 mL/beat Blood ejected with each heartbeat
Question: Cardiac Index (CI)
Answer:
Measurement of the CO adjusted for body surface area 2.4-4 L/min/m² CO adjusted for body surface
area
Question: Ejection Fraction (EF)
Answer:
55-75% % of blood ejected from ventricle per contraction
Question: Preload
Answer:
Volume in the ventricle at the end of diastole
Question: CVP (R-side preload)
Answer:
central venous pressure 2-8 mmHg <2 = dehydration; >8 = fluid overload (right heart failure)
Question: PCWP (L-side preload)
Answer:
pulmonary artery wedge pressure 6-12 mmHg <6 = dehydration; >12 = fluid overload (left heart failure)
Question: Afterload
Answer:
Forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricles
- systemic blood pressure
-resistance offered by aortic valve
- mass/density of blood to be ejected forward
, Question: SVR (L side afterload)
Answer:
Systemic veascular resistance 800-1200 dynes/sec/cm ⁵ >1200 = vasoconstriction; <800 = vasodilation
Question: PVR (R side afterload)
Answer:
Pulmonary vascular resistance 100-250 dynes/sec/cm ⁵ Elevated in pulmonary HTN
Question: PAP Systolic/Diastolic Contractability
Answer:
15--12 mmHg PAD ≈ PCWP (can substitute to avoid wedging)
Question: SvO2
Answer:
60-80% <60% = early shock (↑ extraction); Tissues extracting MORE oxygen than normal. Causes: Any
hypermetabolic states; Fever, Hyperthyroidism, Exercise. >80% = late shock (cells failing): Tissues
extracting LESS oxygen than normal. Causes: Shock, Hypothermia, Hypothyroidism, Poor tissue
perfusion
Question: Hypovolemia
Answer:
CVP: low PCWP: low CO: low SVR: high Tx: IV fluids (NS, LR, blood)
Question: HF/Cardiogenic Shock
Answer:
CVP: high PCWP: high CO: low SVR: high Tx:Diuretics (furosemide, vasodilators,
dobutamine/milrinone)
Question: Septic Shock (early)
Answer:
CVP: low PCWP: low CO: high SVR: low Tx: Fluids, abx, vasopressors
Question: ARDS
Answer:
CVP: normal PCWP: normal CO: variable SVR: variable Tx: NOT fluid overload - hemodynamics
normal
Question: PA Catheter - What It CAN measure
Update
Question: Cardiac Output (CO)
Answer:
4-8 L/min HR × Stroke Volume = amount of blood pumped per minute
Question: Stroke Volume (SV)
Answer:
60-100 mL/beat Blood ejected with each heartbeat
Question: Cardiac Index (CI)
Answer:
Measurement of the CO adjusted for body surface area 2.4-4 L/min/m² CO adjusted for body surface
area
Question: Ejection Fraction (EF)
Answer:
55-75% % of blood ejected from ventricle per contraction
Question: Preload
Answer:
Volume in the ventricle at the end of diastole
Question: CVP (R-side preload)
Answer:
central venous pressure 2-8 mmHg <2 = dehydration; >8 = fluid overload (right heart failure)
Question: PCWP (L-side preload)
Answer:
pulmonary artery wedge pressure 6-12 mmHg <6 = dehydration; >12 = fluid overload (left heart failure)
Question: Afterload
Answer:
Forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricles
- systemic blood pressure
-resistance offered by aortic valve
- mass/density of blood to be ejected forward
, Question: SVR (L side afterload)
Answer:
Systemic veascular resistance 800-1200 dynes/sec/cm ⁵ >1200 = vasoconstriction; <800 = vasodilation
Question: PVR (R side afterload)
Answer:
Pulmonary vascular resistance 100-250 dynes/sec/cm ⁵ Elevated in pulmonary HTN
Question: PAP Systolic/Diastolic Contractability
Answer:
15--12 mmHg PAD ≈ PCWP (can substitute to avoid wedging)
Question: SvO2
Answer:
60-80% <60% = early shock (↑ extraction); Tissues extracting MORE oxygen than normal. Causes: Any
hypermetabolic states; Fever, Hyperthyroidism, Exercise. >80% = late shock (cells failing): Tissues
extracting LESS oxygen than normal. Causes: Shock, Hypothermia, Hypothyroidism, Poor tissue
perfusion
Question: Hypovolemia
Answer:
CVP: low PCWP: low CO: low SVR: high Tx: IV fluids (NS, LR, blood)
Question: HF/Cardiogenic Shock
Answer:
CVP: high PCWP: high CO: low SVR: high Tx:Diuretics (furosemide, vasodilators,
dobutamine/milrinone)
Question: Septic Shock (early)
Answer:
CVP: low PCWP: low CO: high SVR: low Tx: Fluids, abx, vasopressors
Question: ARDS
Answer:
CVP: normal PCWP: normal CO: variable SVR: variable Tx: NOT fluid overload - hemodynamics
normal
Question: PA Catheter - What It CAN measure
