Principles of Human Physiology
by Cindy Stanfield (Author)
6th Edition
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Physiology
2. The Cell: Structure and Function
3. Cell Metabolism
4. Cell Membrane Transport
5. Chemical Messengers
6. The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions
7. Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling
8. Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration
9. The Nervous System: Central Nervous System
10. The Nervous System: Sensory Systems
11. The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems
12. Muscle Physiology
13. The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function
14. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure
15. The Cardiovascular System: Blood
16. The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation
17. The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and the Regulation of Breathing
18. The Urinary System: Renal Function
19. The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
20. The Gastrointestinal System
21. The Endocrine System. Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth
22. The Reproductive System
23. The Immune System
24. Diabetes Mellitus
,TEST BANK
Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition
Stanfield, 2016
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Physiology is best defined as the study of:
A) the structure of body parts
B) the chemical composition of body tissues
C) the functions and mechanisms of living systems
D) the microscopic anatomy of cells
E) the evolutionary history of organisms
Answer: C
Rationale: Physiology is the study of how living organisms function, including the physical and chemical
processes that occur within cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Anatomy (A) deals with structure.
Biochemistry (B) addresses chemical composition. Histology (D) involves microscopic anatomy.
Evolutionary biology (E) concerns evolutionary history.
2. Which of the following represents the correct hierarchy of structural organization from simplest to
most complex?
A) Cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism
B) Tissue → cell → organ → organ system → organism
C) Cell → organ → tissue → organ system → organism
D) Organ system → organ → tissue → cell → organism
E) Tissue → organ → cell → organism → organ system
Answer: A
Rationale: The correct hierarchy proceeds from atoms and molecules to cells, tissues, organs, organ
systems, and finally the organism. Cells are the basic unit of life, which combine to form tissues, which
form organs, which are grouped into organ systems.
3. The concept of homeostasis refers to:
A) the body's ability to maintain a constant external environment
, B) the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
C) the inability of the body to respond to environmental changes
D) a state in which all body variables remain absolutely constant
E) the study of how diseases disrupt normal function
Answer: B
Rationale: Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of relatively stable conditions within the internal
environment (extracellular fluid) of the body. It does not imply absolute constancy but rather a dynamic
equilibrium where variables fluctuate within a normal range.
4. Walter Cannon is credited with:
A) discovering the cell
B) coining the term "homeostasis"
C) developing the concept of the internal environment (milieu intérieur)
D) inventing the microscope
E) describing the structure of DNA
Answer: B
Rationale: Walter Cannon coined the term "homeostasis" in the 1930s. Claude Bernard (C) developed the
concept of the milieu intérieur (internal environment) in the 19th century. Robert Hooke discovered the
cell, and Watson and Crick described DNA structure.
5. In a negative feedback system:
A) the response reinforces the initial change in a variable
B) the response opposes the initial change in a variable
C) there is no effector component
D) the set point continuously increases
E) the system has no sensor component
Answer: B
Rationale: Negative feedback is the most common homeostatic control mechanism. The response of the
effector opposes or reverses the direction of the initial change, bringing the variable back toward the set
point. Positive feedback (A) reinforces the initial change.
6. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
A) Regulation of blood glucose by insulin
B) Regulation of body temperature during fever
C) Blood clotting following vessel injury
D) Regulation of blood calcium levels by parathyroid hormone
E) Regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptors
Answer: C
Rationale: Blood clotting is a classic example of positive feedback, where each step in the clotting
by Cindy Stanfield (Author)
6th Edition
,TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction to Physiology
2. The Cell: Structure and Function
3. Cell Metabolism
4. Cell Membrane Transport
5. Chemical Messengers
6. The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions
7. Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling
8. Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration
9. The Nervous System: Central Nervous System
10. The Nervous System: Sensory Systems
11. The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems
12. Muscle Physiology
13. The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function
14. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure
15. The Cardiovascular System: Blood
16. The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation
17. The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and the Regulation of Breathing
18. The Urinary System: Renal Function
19. The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
20. The Gastrointestinal System
21. The Endocrine System. Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth
22. The Reproductive System
23. The Immune System
24. Diabetes Mellitus
,TEST BANK
Principles of Human Physiology, 6th Edition
Stanfield, 2016
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Physiology is best defined as the study of:
A) the structure of body parts
B) the chemical composition of body tissues
C) the functions and mechanisms of living systems
D) the microscopic anatomy of cells
E) the evolutionary history of organisms
Answer: C
Rationale: Physiology is the study of how living organisms function, including the physical and chemical
processes that occur within cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Anatomy (A) deals with structure.
Biochemistry (B) addresses chemical composition. Histology (D) involves microscopic anatomy.
Evolutionary biology (E) concerns evolutionary history.
2. Which of the following represents the correct hierarchy of structural organization from simplest to
most complex?
A) Cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism
B) Tissue → cell → organ → organ system → organism
C) Cell → organ → tissue → organ system → organism
D) Organ system → organ → tissue → cell → organism
E) Tissue → organ → cell → organism → organ system
Answer: A
Rationale: The correct hierarchy proceeds from atoms and molecules to cells, tissues, organs, organ
systems, and finally the organism. Cells are the basic unit of life, which combine to form tissues, which
form organs, which are grouped into organ systems.
3. The concept of homeostasis refers to:
A) the body's ability to maintain a constant external environment
, B) the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
C) the inability of the body to respond to environmental changes
D) a state in which all body variables remain absolutely constant
E) the study of how diseases disrupt normal function
Answer: B
Rationale: Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of relatively stable conditions within the internal
environment (extracellular fluid) of the body. It does not imply absolute constancy but rather a dynamic
equilibrium where variables fluctuate within a normal range.
4. Walter Cannon is credited with:
A) discovering the cell
B) coining the term "homeostasis"
C) developing the concept of the internal environment (milieu intérieur)
D) inventing the microscope
E) describing the structure of DNA
Answer: B
Rationale: Walter Cannon coined the term "homeostasis" in the 1930s. Claude Bernard (C) developed the
concept of the milieu intérieur (internal environment) in the 19th century. Robert Hooke discovered the
cell, and Watson and Crick described DNA structure.
5. In a negative feedback system:
A) the response reinforces the initial change in a variable
B) the response opposes the initial change in a variable
C) there is no effector component
D) the set point continuously increases
E) the system has no sensor component
Answer: B
Rationale: Negative feedback is the most common homeostatic control mechanism. The response of the
effector opposes or reverses the direction of the initial change, bringing the variable back toward the set
point. Positive feedback (A) reinforces the initial change.
6. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?
A) Regulation of blood glucose by insulin
B) Regulation of body temperature during fever
C) Blood clotting following vessel injury
D) Regulation of blood calcium levels by parathyroid hormone
E) Regulation of blood pressure by baroreceptors
Answer: C
Rationale: Blood clotting is a classic example of positive feedback, where each step in the clotting
