Nr 545 Exam 3 Latest Actual Exam Study Guide With Questions And Correct Answers With Rationales | Updated 2026/2027

NR 545 EXAM 3 LATEST ACTUAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE WITH QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES | UPDATED 2026/2027 What is Angina? - answer-Angina, or angina pectoris, is often described as chest pain usually precipitated by stress or exertion and relieved rapidly with rest or nitrates. Those with angina report varying symptoms including chest pain categorized as squeezing while others describe the pain like a heavy weight being placed on the chest. Angina is relatively common, and usually due to atherosclerotic heart disease. What is the Patho of Angina? - answer-Angina is chest pain that is associated with decreased blood flow or ischemia to the myocardial tissue. The decreased blood flow may be the result of atherosclerosis or coronary artery spasm. Neural pain receptors are stimulated by accelerated cellular metabolism, chemical changes, and imbalances What are signs and symptoms of Angina? - answer-- chest heaviness - chest pressure - squeezing or fullness Sometimes this pain radiates to the left shoulder and arm while others report pain in the jaw. Generally, the attack length can range anywhere between three minutes to twenty minutes. Attacks reported at greater than thirty minutes are concerning and could indicate the development of acute coronary syndrome. What lab test are needed for angina? - answer-- Troponin- CK-MB: to evaluate for acute coronary symptoms as well as for anemia which might be contributing to ischemic chest pain. - An ECG should also be obtained to rule out acute coronary syndrome. What are pharmacological remedies for Angina? - answer-Nitroglycerin (Drug of choice): Nitroglycerin relaxes and widens the blood vessel promoting easier blood flow to the heart muscle. Dosing of nitroglycerin is 0.3-0.6 mg by translingual spray or sublingual tablet every five minutes, as indicated with a max of 3 doses in 15 minutes. Beta-Blockers and ACE inhibitors What is a myocardial infarction? - answer-(Heart Attack) A myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when blood flow to the heart is minimized. The blockage is most often caused by a buildup of cholesterol, which forms a plaque in the arteries that circulate oxygenated blood flow to the myocardium. When the plaque breaks away it can form a clot, interrupting or completely blocking blood flow and destroying a part of the heart muscle. Unlike with an episode of angina, those experiencing a myocardial infarction often report symptoms of pain at rest. What is the patho of a Myocardial Infarction? - answer-During a myocardial infarction there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Prolonged ischemia (30 minutes) from the lack of circulating blood flow to the myocardium results in cellular death, further impacting the heart's ability to function. Depending on the extent of the cell death, the heart might have decreased contractility resulting in wall function abnormalities further placing the patient at risk for decompensation. What are the symptoms of a Myocardial Infraction? - answer-- Sharp radiating pain (Even at rest)- Light-headed or have increased feelings of anxiety or impending doom. - Nausea (more common in right coronary artery occlusion) - Vomiting - Diaphoresis - Syncope - Dyspnea - Orthopnea - Wheezing What lab test are needed for a Myocardial Infraction? - answer-- Troponins - CK-MB - An ECG will often demonstrate ST-segment elevation or new left bundle branch block. How do you manage a Myocardial Infraction? - answer-Patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction will need reperfusion therapy or fibrinolytic therapy. To decrease mortality rates, reperfusion through PCI needs to be completed within 90 minutes of presentation to the emergency room. What is Atherosclerosis? - answer-a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls. What is the path of Atherosclerosis? - answer-Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process that begins with damage to the endothelium often the result of hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol or other risk factors. The endothelium develops a fatty streak which further develops into a fibrous plaque and then complicated lesion.Physical assessment of Atherosclerosis? - answer-Family medical history and personal medical history should be reviewed for risk factors, including level of physical activity, tobacco, use, and dietary habits. A review of symptoms including recent and increasing fatigue, as well as fluid retention should be completed. A medication history should be obtained to determine risk factors including high cholesterol, hypertension, or diabetes. While a full physical assessment should be performed, particular attention to pulse deficits, neck vein distention, edema, and calf pain can further contribute to the diagnosis. What are test of Atherosclerosis? - answer-- Stress tests (either exercise or pharmacological) - Chest x-ray - 12-lead ECG - Ankle-Brachial index might also be performed to assess blood pressure in the extremities. What is the pharmacologic management of Atherosclerosis? - answer-- Antiplatelet medications (Aspirins) - Statins - ACE) inhibitors What are Arrhythmias? - answer-irregular heart rhythms; uncoordinated