MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY, CHAPTERS 1
THROUGH 5, GUYTON 12TH ED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
physiology5-5ans-
the5science5that5is5concerned5with5the5function5of5the5living5organism5and5its5
parts,5and5of5the5physical5and5chemical5processes5involved
pathophysiology5-5ans-the5study5of5disorded5body5function5(disease)
cells5-5ans-the5basic5structural5and5functional5unit
hierarchy5-5ans-atoms
simple5molecules
macromolecules
basic5biostructures
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ5systems
organisms
homeostasis5-5ans-maintaining5internal5environment5within5tolerable5limits
external5components5-5homeostasis5-5ans-sodium
chloride
bicarbonate5ions
oxygen
glucose
fatty5acids
amino5acids
internal5components5-5homeostasis5-5ans-potassium
magnesium
phosphate5ions
much5of5the5body's5energy5and5time5is5used5to5maintain...5-5ans-homeostasis
ECF5normal5value,5sodium5ion5-5ans-142
, ECF5normal5vale,5potassium5ion5-5ans-4.2
sodium5ICF5vs5ECF5-5ans-Na⁺5=5high5ECF,5low5ICF
potassium5ICF5vs5ECF5-5ans-K⁺5=5high5ICF,5low5ECF
if5you5open5a5channel5in5cell5membrane...5-5ans-NA⁺5will5go5into5the5cell
K⁺5will5exit5the5cell
influx5-5ans-flows5into5cell
efflux5-5ans-exits5the5cell
ions5move________5the5concentration5gradient5-5ans-down
structural5unit5for5carbohydrates5-5ans-sugar5(glucose)
structural5unit5for5lipids5-5ans-fatty5acids
structural5unit5for5proteins5-5ans-amino5acids
vomiting5and5D5-5what5happens?5-5ans-
Na⁺5goes5down5=5hyponatremia5=5body's5water5levels5rise5and5cells5begin5to5
swell
sodium5-5ans-electrolyte5-5helps5regulate5amt5of5water5in5and5around5the5cells
hypernatremia5-5ans-Increased5plasma5Na⁺
-5increased5water5loss
-5excessive5sweat5loss
-5central5or5nephrogenic5diabetes5insipidus5
**decreased5ADH5secretion5or5responsiveness5to5ADH
negative5feedback5-5ans-
a5decrease5in5function5in5response5to5a5stimulus5(signal)
ex.5thermostat
control5of5blood5sugar5by5insulin5-5ans-example5of5negative5feedback
When5blood5sugar5rises,5receptors5in5the5body5sense5a5change,5pancreas5secr
etes5insulin5into5the5blood5=5lowers5blood5sugar5levels.5Once5blood5sugar5leve
ls5reach5homeostasis,5the5pancreas5stops5releasing5insulin.
positive5feedback5-5ans-A5produces5more5of5B,5which5in5turn5produces5more5A
THROUGH 5, GUYTON 12TH ED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
physiology5-5ans-
the5science5that5is5concerned5with5the5function5of5the5living5organism5and5its5
parts,5and5of5the5physical5and5chemical5processes5involved
pathophysiology5-5ans-the5study5of5disorded5body5function5(disease)
cells5-5ans-the5basic5structural5and5functional5unit
hierarchy5-5ans-atoms
simple5molecules
macromolecules
basic5biostructures
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ5systems
organisms
homeostasis5-5ans-maintaining5internal5environment5within5tolerable5limits
external5components5-5homeostasis5-5ans-sodium
chloride
bicarbonate5ions
oxygen
glucose
fatty5acids
amino5acids
internal5components5-5homeostasis5-5ans-potassium
magnesium
phosphate5ions
much5of5the5body's5energy5and5time5is5used5to5maintain...5-5ans-homeostasis
ECF5normal5value,5sodium5ion5-5ans-142
, ECF5normal5vale,5potassium5ion5-5ans-4.2
sodium5ICF5vs5ECF5-5ans-Na⁺5=5high5ECF,5low5ICF
potassium5ICF5vs5ECF5-5ans-K⁺5=5high5ICF,5low5ECF
if5you5open5a5channel5in5cell5membrane...5-5ans-NA⁺5will5go5into5the5cell
K⁺5will5exit5the5cell
influx5-5ans-flows5into5cell
efflux5-5ans-exits5the5cell
ions5move________5the5concentration5gradient5-5ans-down
structural5unit5for5carbohydrates5-5ans-sugar5(glucose)
structural5unit5for5lipids5-5ans-fatty5acids
structural5unit5for5proteins5-5ans-amino5acids
vomiting5and5D5-5what5happens?5-5ans-
Na⁺5goes5down5=5hyponatremia5=5body's5water5levels5rise5and5cells5begin5to5
swell
sodium5-5ans-electrolyte5-5helps5regulate5amt5of5water5in5and5around5the5cells
hypernatremia5-5ans-Increased5plasma5Na⁺
-5increased5water5loss
-5excessive5sweat5loss
-5central5or5nephrogenic5diabetes5insipidus5
**decreased5ADH5secretion5or5responsiveness5to5ADH
negative5feedback5-5ans-
a5decrease5in5function5in5response5to5a5stimulus5(signal)
ex.5thermostat
control5of5blood5sugar5by5insulin5-5ans-example5of5negative5feedback
When5blood5sugar5rises,5receptors5in5the5body5sense5a5change,5pancreas5secr
etes5insulin5into5the5blood5=5lowers5blood5sugar5levels.5Once5blood5sugar5leve
ls5reach5homeostasis,5the5pancreas5stops5releasing5insulin.
positive5feedback5-5ans-A5produces5more5of5B,5which5in5turn5produces5more5A
